The Role of the Quantity Surveying Profession within the contemporary Built Environment

Before discussing the role of the quantity surveyor, it’s very important to get an idea about the built environment where the quantity surveyor works. Simply the built environment means human made buildings, cities, roads and surroundings etc.. that could provide an environment for their activities. The concept of the built environment was introduced in Greece in many centuries ago in the process of developing their cities using grid plans. But the modern concept of built environment is far more complex than that. Considering the contemporary built environment, with huge increase of the population in the world over the last century human desires are risen up and became more complicated. Similarly necessity to have houses, cities, roads, which is called built environment, has become compulsive aspect of human life. Since the Quantity Surveyor is a significant character of constructing that built environment, he/she has to play a vital role in it. The Origin of the Quantity Surveying What is the quantity surveying? According to the Seeley (1997), Quantity Surveying is a profession which would prepare an accurate bill of quantities to be priced by tendering contractors and who would measure and value any variations that might occur during the progress of the works. But when considering the history of this profession, the origin of quantity surveying carries us way back to the 17th century. In 1666 after the Great Fire, London was under restoration process it needed huge no. of workers like masons, carpenters and other tradesmen. Before the 1666 all the workers mentioned above got paid daily basis. But the large amount of labor needed to restore the city after the fire, it made governors to think twice and decided to pay each worker for the quantity of work they had done. It meant on behalf of the salary workers had been paid for the amount of carpentry, masonry and other works they had done. Therefore one person had to read the drawings of the buildings and take off the quantity of work each and every trade in the construction and at the same time he had to prepare an estimate for the total cost. And the Quantity Surveying profession was evolved to the current status after that incidence. History of the Quantity Surveying In early 70’s there was a misunderstanding about the profession that believing the â€Å"valuation† and the â€Å"measurement† are covering the whole area of quantity surveying. Therefore quantity surveying profession was highlighted only for its â€Å"Technical† role throughout that period. But measurement and valuation are only two functions performed by quantity surveyors. Because of this nature, many people believed that the functions done by the quantity surveyor can be undertaken by any person or machine that can perform arithmetic calculations, like a computer. â€Å"The QS is not a necessity in the order of things. Any convenient and cheap method of multiplying drawings and specifications and placing copies in the hands of each estimator would answer the same purpose and get rid of the QS for good† (Anon, 1889 cited in Wood, 2008). Changing roles of Quantity Surveying Despite all the above doubts quantity surveying profession was survived and presently regarded as one of the most expensive profession in the construction industry. Also quantity surveying is being known as a dynamic profession and its skills section had gone for different changes over the last decade or so. Smith (2004) mentioned that the quantity surveying profession has faced to considerable changes over the last decade in terms of scope and the type of contributions provided within and outside the construction process. Ashworth (1981) pointed out the changing role of the quantity surveyor in recent past has been significant. Traditional roles of Quantity Surveying Quantity Surveyor Is the person who giving advices and preparing documents regarding cost estimating and financial section of the construction process. Thirty years ago the role of quantity surveyor was to prepare Bill of Quantities and providing Final Accounts only. â€Å"The traditional role of quantity surveyor is the professional who provides advice about cost and financial management for the construction process. The traditional services provided are considered to be of a technical basis, such as preparing the cost plan and the bills of quantities, tender documentation and tender appraisal, interim payments, measuring and valuing variations, advising on anticipated final costs and preparing the final account† (Burnside and Westcott, 1999). Competencies of Quantity Surveying Quantity surveyors are also well known as a construction economists who perform various and wide range of duties to support the cost effective construction projects. The core competencies of quantity surveying profession such as determining the budgets of projects, measuring project quantities, preparing Bills of Quantities, cost control documents, administrating contracts, and preparing final accounts, etc.. should be maintained and enhanced in order to adapt to changes in many areas of the construction industry since the quantity surveyor’s success depends not only the skills which he/she has. Practitioners need to be far more adaptable and willing to change their standard work practices than in the past (Smith, 2004). Also the RICS has introduced and highlighted some basic and optional core competencies that required of quantity surveyors to enhance their ability to face the varying construction industry and they are as follows. Competencies required of Quantity Surveyors for professional Competency (RICS) Basic competencies Core competencies Optional competencies Personal and interpersonal skills Construction contract practice Arbitration & other dispute resolution procedures Business skills Construction technology and environmental services Development appraisal Data, information and information technology Economics of construction Facilities management Professional practice Procurement and financial management Insolvency Law Insurance Measurement Project management Mapping Property investment funding Research methodologies and techniques Valuation Taxation allowances & grants Apart from that, Information Technology has made huge impact on quantity surveying profession as though it is spread out all over the construction industry. Smith (2004; 2006) keep emphasized that all the professionals should have the knowledge of how to use the AUTOCAD properly and accurately and be an expertise in the field of construction without delaying. (Odeyinka, 2008) Stated that, commercially developed software packages are available worldwide to improve the performance of quantity surveyors. Frei, (2009) also stated that with the intention of developing the productivity and high performance of the industry it is necessary to invest in information technology (IT) and information communication technology (ICT). RICS (1991) In 1990s and 2000s, Quantity Surveyors should be more innovative, more pro-active and more mobile to solve the problems and the changing of client requirements. New skills and services will be progressively developed from continuous research and developments of new techniques. Evolving roles of Quantity Surveying The quantity surveying profession has been able to evolve and diversify into new areas of practicing, providing a wider range of services, with the modern quantity surveyor covering all aspects of project cost management, procurement and contract management (Lee, Trench and Willis 2011) (Menaha Thayaparan, et.al2011) â€Å"Deviating from its traditional â€Å"technical† role, during mid-80’s RICS has promoted the role of the Quantity Surveyor as â€Å"the Building Economist†, â€Å"Cost Engineer†, â€Å"Procurement consultant† and as a â€Å"Cost Consultant† (RICS, 1986; RICS, 1991). These roles have attributed more of a â€Å"managerial† image to the quantity surveying profession.† Since that dynamic nature of the profession, it has been shaped up to provide timely needs such as cost and value management, project management, procurement consultant, quality management, risk management, arbitration, and many more non-traditional services of the construction industry without limiting to its narrow scope. QSBC (2009) Has been suggested that the role of the quantity surveyor has outspread over time beyond its main scope of financial based concerns not only to cover the knowledge of values, cost, labor and materials, but also to include legal and contractual matters, like wise being a consultants on construction business and also has to be concern about developers, the government, contractors and the general project management. According to the facts which I have discussed so far, it has declared that Quantity Surveyors not only have to perform traditional roles by offering traditional services nevertheless also have to play contemporary roles by granting non-traditional or additional services to fill up the demand of this innovative and mutable construction industry. Apart from those cost concerned aspects discussed above, quantity surveyors are also needed to be conversant in construction management and procurement, contractual administration and legal aspects of construction within the modern built environment. Therefore it’s important to discuss about management knowledge of quantity surveyor which gives the ability to adapt to divers conditions and to solve problems emerge in financial and contractual sectors which are very unique for each and every construction projects. In the recent past years it has been not rare for quantity surveyors to widen their scope of profession and put themselves in a position of project manager with the amount of experience they have got. The importance of the Project Management is growing worldwide and it has huge impact on productivity and quality of the project. By using this art of leading and coordinating material and human resources in construction process called project management, Quantity surveyor will be able to complete project on time within the budget. â€Å"Is a quantity surveyor an estimator, contract manager or project manager? The short answer to this question is yes, yes and yes. People from a quantity surveying background may find working environment compatible with any of those roles because the training qualifications acquired from the quantity surveying create the pathways† (Donald Towey ,2012, pp.110) It is possible to list about 5 main evolved roles of the quantity surveying profession from the information mentioned above. 1. Client advocate and representative 2. Construction designing and economics 3. Construction planning and procurement 4. Construction administration and management 5. Project management Emerging roles of Quantity Surveying Not limiting to discussing about the changes that already has made an impact on the profession, it’s better to address about changes which are going to happen in near future to the quantity surveying profession. Due to the latest economic climate over the world, there are very fewer resources available to commence new building projects. But it has become viable with the finding of new ways to handle building project more cost-efficiently by modern quantity surveyors who has given the traditional and contemporary monetary roles. Whence, future changes of quantity surveying profession seem to be more compulsive and its influence to the construction industry should be more explored by the quantity surveyors. Sustainability, whole life costing and the building information modeling (BIM) are the three main emerging roles of quantity surveying profession. When it comes to the whole life costing, it is a technique that use intentionally to improve efficiency, sustainability and also it provides clear information to the client whether the project is going to be financially viable or not after built. Calculating the costs of building and the items included for its whole life is called whole life costing assessment. By carrying these assessments prior to any other works which has been taken into count maintenance, operational and demolition costs of the project with the consideration of the inflation, client will be able to get best value for his money. The concept of sustainable construction is becoming more significant in the world as we are trying to bring down the environmental pollution and the greenhouse gases globally. By using recycled material, installing innovative natural sourced systems (solar systems) and introducing efficient material, labor and waste management, Sustainability can be admitted to the construction industry. Building Information Modeling (BIM) compares all details about projects design and its construction and operation process to meet the maximum efficiency at any stage of the project by using a computer generated model. (BIMIWG 2011) Furthermore, capability of identifying number of variations in design and compare them with traditional measures in a second, reduces the workload of the quantity surveyor. Also the changes has being made to quantity surveying profession with BIM is enforced by the UK government as 3D-BIM modeling will be essential component of every project by 2016. (BIMIWG 2011) Conclusion In brief, this report has done a critical discussion on traditional and contemporary roles of quantity surveying, origin and history of the profession, key and core competencies of quantity surveying and also changing, evolved and emerging roles of quantity surveying profession. Due to the changing nature of client’s and the market demand the quantity surveying profession has evolved continuously during recent decades. Clients not only ask for traditional services but also request for nontraditional services like project management, procurement, construction administration in contemporary built environment. Also there are some emerging aspects like whole life costing assessments, sustainability and BIM that could add more changes to the quantity surveying profession in near future. Therefore, in order to develop their skills and practice Quantity Surveyors should be well aware of these changes and has to adapt to them quickly.

Preschool Graduation Speech Essay

Thank you all for coming on this special day to celebrate the graduation of the Pre-K â€Å"Rockstars† class of 2011. This is a monumental occasion in the lives of our children. It is also a time to recognize the outstanding work and support of all the staff here, the parents, and most of all the students. Just looking around at the smiling faces says so much about the culture here at our school. Each morning, my heart just melts, when I see those smiling faces that are followed by their warm embraces which continually remind me of why I love teaching and how lucky I am to be a part of their lives. I am so impressed with their progress this year and they have grown to see learning as fun, exciting with a passion that will help them as they advance with their education. Looking ahead, our children are very well equipped to take on the next part of their personal and educational lives. They have formed have a strong foundation and I feel especially confident that we have given o ur children a great start in life with the knowledge of many priceless lessons. So, To the Class of 2011, Pre-K Rockstars, â€Å"My Chickadees†: †¢ challenge yourself †¢ have a kind heart †¢ enjoy learning †¢ give back to others †¢ laugh and love †¢ And be all you can be! In closing, I would like to dedicate this poem to my special chickadees†¦This one is for you†¦. â€Å"To My Special Chickadees† I want to let know, How much you mean to me And how fast the year did go! Please come back to visit me All through the years you grow, Try to learn and love all that you can There is so much for you to know I’m glad I am your teacher I’ve come to love you so. I can’t believe the end is here. It is so hard to see you go The one thing I tried to teach you to last your whole life through, Is to know that you always be â€Å"my special chickadees† And there’s is no one else like you! So it’s with all my heart I send you on your way, with great hope and expectations for years of happiness and bliss to stay.

History and Description of a Subordinate Group Member Essay

Throughout the history of North America, there has been one ethnic group who has given up almost everything to the European settlers. Land, home, resources, and dignity were stolen from Native Americans. The long history of the American Indian is being written, even today. Approximately forty thousand years ago, the earliest ancestors of Native Americans migrated across the Bering Strait from Asia on pack ice (Hoerder, 2005). The population rose steadily, and by the time the first substantial settlement of Europeans was established in the New World, Native Americans lived throughout the continent. In the search for more farmland, European immigrants quickly pushed the native population out of their traditional homelands. This migration began the crowding of other native bands, forcing eastern natives to move beyond the Ohio River, thus starting a series of relocations for the Native Americans that continued through the next two centuries. Less than fifty years after the end of the American Revolution, many of the tribes in the northeastern United States sold their land under pressure from the newcomers. Before 1850, these natives migrated west of the Mississippi River. If you traveled to Oklahoma today you would find the same bloodlines that once roamed the New England hills (â€Å"Indians† The Reader’s Companion to American History, 1991). Wanting to live apart from the natives and expecting them to remain controlled, reservations were established, including an Indian Territory (est. 1825) in present-day Oklahoma. The Indian Removal Act of 1830 was enacted to populate these newly established areas. President Jackson ordered the forced migration of Native Americans from multiple southeastern tribes. Approximately 4,000 Cherokee Indians perished in 1838-1839 on their 800-mile march, or during their succeeding internment. This tragic event has become known as the â€Å"Trail of Tears†. (American Indian Policy, 2002) Trying to â€Å"Americanize† instead of segregate the Indians, in 1887, Congress passed the Dawes Act, which broke up reservations and gave land to individual Indian families. The idea of the Dawes Act was to assimilate Indians by giving them land from which they could profit. What followed were laws, over the next few decades, which dissolved tribal governments and placed Native Americans completely under the jurisdiction of U.  S. laws (American Indian Policy, 2002). The reservation system is one distinctive aspect of the Native American culture that materialized from their relationship with other Americans. The United States has 310 reservations within its borders. The federal government owns 298 reservations and 12 belong to the states in which they are located. A total of 437,431 Indians resided on reservations or trust lands. That is approximately 22 percent of the Native Americans defined by the 1990 census (Shumway & Jackson, 1995). The United States has proven itself unreliable on its policies and treatment of Native Americans. The government teeters between a policy of segregation, under which Indians are treated as a self-sustaining culture, and assimilation policies, which try to integrate Indian and European cultures. The United States acknowledged Indian sovereignty and established treaties with them. Unlike foreign nations, Indians shared the continent with the quickly growing nation who needed resources, and were quick to form treaties, giving Indians land rights and territorial sovereignty but repeatedly found ways to revoke those privileges.

Food mart Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Food mart - Essay Example Because the order quantity that he desired was not available at the closest store possible, Foodmart cannot be considered to have ripped Todd off by not having the correct amount of chocolate sauce on stock. Todd may not have been aware at the time, but Todd entered into a contract with Foodmart that contained several terms and conditions. This is not a special case; every customer who purchases items online need to be aware of all the fine details of the contract that they are entering into. For Foodmart’s online order contract, the customer cannot purchase items that were advertised for cheaper in print. In addition to this stipulation, the online sales contract states that orders placed online can only receive inventory that is available from the closest store in terms of location. Thus, Foodmart cannot be held accountable as they laid out all the terms and conditions in their online contract. If the customer chooses not to take notice of this, then it is solely the custome r’s responsibility and the company at hand cannot be held responsible. If the company chooses to reimburse Todd then that is their choice, but they have no legal obligation to do so. It may be to the company’s benefit to reimburse him once because he may prove to be a long-term customer. The benefits in this case may outweigh the negatives so it may be best to give Todd the benefit of the doubt this time only. If he is in a similar situation again, then Foodmart should advise him that there is nothing that they can do for him. Foodmart should try to avoid such a situation in the future by making its customers aware of the terms and conditions of any contract. This would avoid legal issues down the road and it would give assurances to a customer that everything will be done through legal means. Foodmart could make it easier for customers by writing its terms and conditions in simple and easy to understand words so that

Compare and Contrast Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Compare and Contrast - Essay Example This means that; it is a poet’s place in society to act as an overseer, and point out the things that may be out of place. In the past, poets brought out the political injustices through satire. This art has extended to different fields. Also, poets have the ability to bring out different messages through the themes present in their poems. The themes offer them a chance to express what they might be feeling. As one of the oldest forms of art, poetry has its place in society as it gives individuals a chance to reinvent themselves, hence; be worthy in the eyes of society (Bloom 91). This paper will examine the theme brought out by two poets in their prime, and the comparisons and dissimilarities that occur in this theme. Walt Whitman and Federico Garcia are well-renowned poets who dedicated their skill to the world. During their era, a lot was happening in their immediate surroundings. They used their skill to communicate with individuals about what was happening to protect them , or assist them comprehend their situations. In, When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom’d, Whitman was bringing the world’s attention to the death of a great leader (Bloom 91). It was after the assassination of Lincoln that Whitman decided to write the poem, and bring out the theme of death. It was a poem of mourning where he mourned the passing of an icon. These poems are often described as elegies. It was pastoral elegy dedicated to the fallen hero, and all that he had done. In, Lament for Ignacio Sanchez Mejjas, Federico wrote about his beloved friend whom he cherished and adored (Arana 159). Federico mourned the passing of his friend through a long process of grief. The theme of death in both the poems is brought out in a traditional fashion by both poets. This is one similarity that stands out in both the poems. In Federico’s poem, he brings out the traditional aspect of the elegy. He brings the long process of grief through the poem about his departed acq uaintance. This symbolism takes precedence over the life and cultural traditions that accustom an honourable person in society. In Whitman’s poem, the traditional aspect is seen through the symbolism the poet puts in the fallen president. He uses the Western star to symbolise the fallen president, and a number of other symbolic features to represent the life of the star (Bloom 91). Both these deaths were of exemplary individuals; Lincoln in Whitman’s case, and Ignacio, the bullfighter, in Federico’s case. Another similarity that is brought out in these poems is the nature that surrounds the burial of the two dignified members of society. In Whitman’s poem, nature is said to have worn a sombre mood, â€Å"nature sympathizes with America’s grief†¦as the coffin makes its long journey from Washington to Springfield.† In Federico’s poem, he also resonates with the mood that was present at the burial of the fallen bullfighter, â€Å"t he room was iridescent with agony, at five in the afternoon.† It all comes down to what the poet wants the audience to feel. The sombre mood can be felt even as the audience may not have been present at the time of the burials (Arana 169). The experience that both poets have is seen through their ability to honour the dead. Musical elements are another similarity that both poets exhibit through their elegies. In Federico’s poem, he produces the image of bones and flutes resounding in the air (Arana 189). All these are elements that bring out an eerie feeling to whoever was watching the proceedings of the death of Ignacio. In Whitman’s poem, he reflects on the virtues of the lilacs and their magnificent presence. In many of American people’s gardens, the lilacs are flowers that are well known for their delicate

Employee Satisfaction Surveys Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Employee Satisfaction Surveys - Research Paper Example Their relevance to the organization will also be proffered. The first type of employee satisfaction survey is the employee engagement surveys. In an employee engagement survey, the passion and commitment of the employee with regards to their work, company and co-workers are analyzed (NBRI, 2012). This type of survey aims to determine whether the employees feel empowered and whether they have a good relationship with their supervisors and managers (Sheahan, n.d.). Through this survey, management will know what the employees think about the company’s goals and values and if they are willing to support them (NBRI, 2012). The second type of employee satisfaction survey is the employee attitude survey. This survey â€Å"assesses the feelings or emotions of employees within the workplace† (NBRI, 2012). This survey will give management an idea on how it can boost the morale of their employees by understanding their views and perceptions and identifying the root causes of their attitudes in the workplace (NBRI, 2012). The employee opinion survey is another type of employee satisfaction survey. This type of survey reveals the employees’ behaviors, beliefs, feelings, thoughts and conclusions on matters such as commitment, management style and productivity (NBRI, 2012). The data gathered from this survey entails a precise analysis. The factors that motivate and discourage employees will be exposed in this survey. The fourth type of employee satisfaction survey is the employee development survey. This survey will prevent high turnover rates within an organization because it will determine whether employees perceive the company as a place where they can develop professionally (Sheahan, n.d.). If employees believe that the company offers opportunities for growth, this survey will be able to show it. Another kind of survey is the straightforward satisfaction survey which goes directly to the point of questioning employees how happy they are with their job s (Sheahan, n.d.). Sheahan goes on further to say that this type of survey usually has a scoring system which rates the satisfaction levels on a scale of 1 to 15 (n.d.). Moreover, the questions on the survey will give management an idea if there are any problems on morale and compensation. The sixth type of employee satisfaction survey is the improvement survey. This survey is conducted when an organization is contemplating on changing some policies or job conditions (Sheahan, n.d.). It will assist management in determining whether such changes will be acceptable to the employees. They will be able to gauge how the employees will react or feel if such changes were imposed. The 360 degree survey is another kind of employee satisfaction survey which is conducted by companies to evaluate the employees from the points of view of the supervisors, peers, subordinates, customers, vendors, and other external stakeholders (NBRI, 2012). One of the more important type of survey is the exit sur vey. This is administered to an employee who will leave the company. This survey is an excellent indication of employees’ attitudes and is known to elicit very honest responses (Ipathia, Inc., 2005). All the surveys mentioned above may either be conducted online or paper-based. A primary consideration though for online surveys is that not all the employees may have computer and internet access and there may be employees who lack computer skills to complete the survey (Lock Media Services, Inc., n.d.). An online survey however is less costly than a paper-based survey.

Vulnerabilities in Microsoft Windows Server, IAAS Essay

Vulnerabilities in Microsoft Windows Server, IAAS - Essay Example Cloud computing can be stated as a model for facilitating on-demand, convenient and ubiquitous access to shared pool of computing and configurable resources. This resource sharing platform helps in achieving economies of scale and coherence. The concept of cloud computing is based on a broader aspect of shared services and converged infrastructure. Cloud resources are also dynamically reallocated along with being accessed by multiple users. The entire approach of cloud computing has shifted focus towards OPEX model from basic infrastructure of CAPEX model. This study would reflect upon one of the cloud computing services, known as IAAS. Infrastructure as a service or IAAS is a basic cloud service platform. This mainly refers to online services which abstract user from data partitioning. There are some additional resources offered by IAAS clouds such as raw block storage, firewalls, disk-image library, load balancers, virtual local area networks, software bundles and object storage. W indows Server is a known technology or application based on the concept of IAAS. It is a brand name given to bundle of server operating systems, which are launched by Microsoft. The first server edition was named as Windows NT 3.1; however, there have been advancements in developing Windows Server. This study shall analyse key vulnerabilities witnessed by Windows Server and mitigation strategies implemented over the years. There are some general approaches too that can safeguard the system from external threats.

Financial Accounting Reports Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Financial Accounting Reports - Essay Example The Financial Accounting Standards Board says financial reporting to be financial statements as well as other ways to communicate financial information related to the enterprise to the outside users. Financial reporting, compared to the financial accounting, is quite broader concept that encompasses the financial statements, the notes that are given below those statements and the disclosures. Financial statements are useful in providing important information to make decisions about the credit decisions and investments and also to assess the cash flow prospects. Information about the resources of the enterprise, its claim to these resources obtained and the changes that these resources undergo is also provided by the financial statements. Information provided by financial reporting is used by management and others who make economic decisions. Financial reporting primarily focuses on information about the earnings and the components it has. (International Financial Reporting Standards, 2013) Investors: these people make investments in the entity. They are interested about the security of their investments and potential profits in the entity. People interested in making investment in an entity make use of the financial statements, especially the income statement, with the help of which they can estimate the future incomes and performance of the entity they are interested to invest in. The solvency of the company and the financial strength will reveal whether their investments will be secured or not. Investors like unit trusts and pension funds are the most sophisticated and the largest group of investors. Lenders: they need the information about the entity’s financial strength and performance to know whether the entity will be able to pay them in future. This depends on how are the solvency conditions of the entity. They are shown by the balance sheet/statement of financial position. The entities may

The Definition of Labor Law Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Definition of Labor Law - Research Paper Example This will provide a general summary of what the readers should expect in the whole discussion; it will also allow the reader to have a picture of the research outline. This will provide a general summary of what the readers should expect in the whole discussion; it will also allow the reader to have a picture of the research outline. This section will basically provide a definition of terms such; definition of labor laws and specific areas of application in the labor dimension. It will also provide a general understanding of the importance of labor laws in various facets of employment. The purpose of this section is to provide brief information concerning the development of labor laws and what propagated the formulation of such laws. Additionally, the reader will also be able to know how labor laws apply to different countries in the contemporary society through this section. This will form the main focus of the research; it will provide a comprehensive discussion on the similarities between the labor laws in the United States of America and those within the Saudi Arabian State. A variety of examples of the labor laws in both the countries will be provided to enhance the readers understanding of the similarities. Additionally, it will provide in-text citations for each paragraph that explicates main ideas.b) The research conclusions will provide a summary of the discussion in relation to the writer’s perspective on various aspects of the discussion.

The risk and benifits of younger workers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The risk and benifits of younger workers - Essay Example This means that an individual who comes in as a fresh graduate at his first job will need to be informed about company protocols and how things are done within the company. It may take them a day to learn all they need to know for some positions but for others they may take more than a month of dedicated training and may even need continued guidance while they are performing their duties for the company. At the same time, this investment made by the company may not be recuperated or even lead to substantial benefits for the organization if the individual decides to leave the company within a year of joining. In this case, all that the company would have done is to train a person in order to enable them to find a better paying job. Of course retention is also a part of the HR department’s duties but training is an investment in people which entails its own risks. On the other hand, there are significant advantages towards recruiting individuals with little or no experience and the immediately visible business benefit is to the bottom line of the company since a fresh graduate has to be paid a lot less than a person near the age of retirement who can demand a salary which is equal to the one given to the company’s directors. Of course an older person with experience might be able to bring a lot more to the table but the company has to balance how much it can afford to spend on recruiting and retaining such a star performer or business guru. Additionally, pouring young blood into the company will have the advantage of giving the company new ideas and instant familiarity with new technology which may not be known to older individuals. Again, in this case training can be useful as exemplified by GE which continually recruited individuals who were intimately familiar with computer technology in order to teach the older people working in much higher positions on how to use things such as email and instant messaging (Welch, 2005). Overall, the cost

Interview Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 5

Interview - Assignment Example There are two types of breast cancer. One is ductal carcinoma and the other is lobular carcinoma. Ductal carcinoma is a cancer that occurs in the lining of the milk duct and is the most common type of breast cancer (National Cancer Institute, nd). This is the type of cancer that afflicted the respondent patient. Lobular carcinoma on the other hand is a breast cancer that begins in the milk glands or lobules of the breast. Breast cancer can be invasive and can spread to other areas surrounding the tissue from where it began. Breast cancer also afflict both men and women albeit it is more prevalent among women. The symptoms of breast cancer includes presence of a lump or thickening in the breast, swelling, dimpling, redness, soreness of skin, change in shape or appearance of the nipple and nipple discharge (American Cancer Society, 2010). In our respondent, the initial symptoms were a small lump in the left breast. A small discharge of blood from her nipples which could be observed from the marks in her bra. According to related literatures, genetics is a very small factor in the occurrence of breast cancer. It only composed of around 5 to 10% of all recorded cases (Wattendorf, 2012). What is more prevalent cause of breast cancer is risky lifestyle, lack of children to breastfeed, high levels of hormones and unhealthy eating habits including obesity. Of these causes, smoking tobacco has the highest risk. Long term tobacco smoking increases the risk of contracting breast cancer by as much as 35 to 50% (Miller et al., 2011). Lifestyle, could be the risk factor in the case of the respondent since she is a long-term smoker where tobacco smoking is part of her cultural background. Respondent: At first I just ignored the lumps in my breast because I did not feel any pain. Then one day, I felt pain in my left breast. It was not very painful it is tolerable. So I waited for the pain to just go away and hoped everything will be

A Critical Response to the Editorial “Productive Labour” Essay Example for Free

A Critical Response to the Editorial â€Å"Productive Labour† Essay â€Å"A Productive Labour† is an editorial written by Roger Martin and James Milway. This tackles on the topic of productivity – what it is, what it does, and just how important it is for a country’s economy and living. The essay’s main point can be seen in its secondary title, which states that â€Å"the only limit to productivity growth is human ingenuity.† The article’s strength lies in this statement, and supported by the many reasons the authors discussed afterwards. Although the essay is strongly put together, with the main points being clearly stated, there is still the existence of some weaknesses, evident in many parts of the article. These loopholes are either poorly explained or there is no sufficient evidence presented to actually support it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The authors, in this essay played the role as lecturers and persuaders at the same time. They started off by discussing productivity by stating it as a practical way to raise our living standards. They gave an assertion that the only limit to productivity is the human ingenuity, unlike other methods which would use up all of the natural resources, or the number of hours to work. From here they gave specifics on how to actually increase the productivity. One of their main arguments here is the use of what they called â€Å"new value creation† (par. 10). This, together with strategies leading to innovation will drive a country’s productivity higher. The editorial also contained written benefits of productivity, and how it can help a country’s growth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One interesting fact that the authors pointed out is that the limiting factor of increasing a country’s productivity lies in ingenuity. This seems to be partially true, because the article defined ingenuity as the only limiting factor, when in fact in a practical world it is not. The article in the succeeding paragraph stated that a â€Å"countrys ability to improve its standard of living over time depends almost entirely on its ability to raise its output per worker (par. 6). If productivity is the key to raising the standard of living, it is then limited by the output of each worker. And any worker, no matter how ingenious he or she may be, will only reach a certain level and never go beyond it. This is a practical theory of everything; no matter how long and how much energy you put into something, it will reach a point where there is no useful output produced. Then, the next step would be to find a new worker with new and fresh ideas. Over time, productivity will not only be limited by the workers’ ingenuity, but also by the number of workers available and efficient enough for the tasks.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although compared with the limitations caused by natural resources, productivity still has an edge. Taking into account the length of a worker’s useful ingenuity and the possible number of workers available, the depletion of natural resources would come to dawn at time earlier than this.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another eye opening fact is the information on new value creation (par 10). This is truly one important way of increasing productivity and it is covalently linked to ingenuity and innovation. These unique creations are a wonderful way to not only enhance a worker’s thinking skills, but also create an edge in the economical tug-of-war. Instead of trying to compete against a nation who perfected a certain technology, others can develop a technology different from it. And if that technology or product becomes a hit, the nation pioneering that new design would benefit greatly from it. This is just a way of showing how productivity can be translated to economics and businesses, just like the article suggests. But it should not forget the prerequisites for an actual new creation to be born. First would be the development of science and technology in the country. The chances of creating a new product would greatly rely on the technology readily available. A man may have designs on creating the world’s greatest car but if the society lacks the tools and techniques required in making one, these innovation would not be manifested as a usable object. Again, it is not always practical for a new creation to make its way into the conceiving stage.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Finally, the article speaks to a very broad audience. Its first paragraph ended with a challenge to governments, businesses, and citizens (par. 1). The whole article in a sense is then dedicated to every single one person of a country or nation. The productivity challenge is something that everyone must be a part of. It is true that although many think of productivity as a term only used in labour, or businesses, it should actually encompass every being that contributes to the society. Citizens, by the simple due of paying their taxes, enters the world of productivity and contributes a part of that to the government, which in turn must make use of these taxes in a very much productive way. For the work force, productivity would be of benefit for them since it means higher wages.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In a nutshell, the editorial speaks clearly of the purpose and strength of productivity in our daily lives. Its arguments are supported by concrete examples and the essay is in fact very persuasive. There are just some little details which may not be noticeable at first. These usually jump in the practicality of the suggestion. We must always take into consideration the practical events that would happen and define them differently from the hypothetical or theoretical events. This way, factors can be explained much better without bias. References Martin, R., Milway, J. A productive labour; the only limit to productivity growth is human ingenuity.

How Could Demand Elasticity Lead To Pricing Decisions?

How Could Demand Elasticity Lead To Pricing Decisions? How Could the Knowledge of Demand Elasticity Lead to Make Pricing Decisions? Making pricing decisions Price sensitivity is not just about charging high prices to maximize revenue. It might also relate to cut prices sometimes dramatically to encourage people who may otherwise not be part of the market to use the services or goods being provided. In business, it is like business of education, learning of price elasticity of demand. This concept is a cornerstone in any discussion of microeconomic principles and pricing for marketing effectiveness. Practically, price elasticity of demand involves the idea that consumers are affected by manipulations of price. On the producer part of view, price represents a distinct reflection of the production and marketing costs incorporated in bringing the product to the marketplace as well as the beginning point in the calculation of revenue and profit. On the consumer part, price is a critical ingredient in the image and value-conceptualization of a product. Elasticity of demand is dependent on the knowledge of the determinants of demand and helps firms and policy makers plan of consumer behavior in the market place. Products that can be replaced are likely to have a positive cross price elasticity of demand because the change in price makes them relatively more or less expensive in relation to each other. Similarly co-relative goods will give rise to a cross price elasticity of demand value that is negative. Strategic pricing  clarifies the relationship between market segmentation and price, and delivers the tools your organization needs to stay focused on value as you determine break-even, define price elasticity, and analyze tradeoffs between features and price points. Using strategic pricing tools yields is a better positioning approach. What I want to bring out here is a company director isnt only concern about calculating numbers profits. The number is a meaning at the end; when taking about price elasticity of demand it is used to see how sensitive the demand for a product is to a price change. The higher the price elasticity, the more sensitive consumers are to price changes. The very high price elasticity suggests that when the price of a product goes up, consumers will buy a great deal less of it and when the price of that good goes down, consumers will buy a great deal more. The very low price elasticity infers the opposite, that changes in price have little influence on demand. When measuring elasticity, what is being measured is the responsiveness to demand to its determinants, such as income and other goods. This gives rise to income elasticity of demand and cross price elasticity of demand. Income elasticity measures the responsiveness of demand to a change in income. Cross price elasticity of demand measures the responsiveness of quantity demanded to a change in price of another good. Demand elasticity of make pricing decision will define how the market will react to changes in price. Understanding of this will allow companies to make informed decisions on how should approach the final sale of the good which is achieved through marketing. Background Historically elasticity of demand thinking has been primarily applied to the marketing mix variable of price. However, the concept can also lend meaningful insights into the administration of the other marketing mix and environmental variables in a context of causality. There exists a rich body of literature exploring the more extensive uses of elasticity of demand. However, basic marketing texts, and presumably introductory classes, typically do not feature the wider applications of the tool. At the beginning of 20 century, economist started to found out that demand consisted of more than simple purchasing power. It reverberate desire as well as ability to purchase, and new experiences with advertising and salesmanship were proving that desire could be increased and carved by factors other than the existence of supply. An extra idea of the market concerned its capacity to adjust itself automatically to an amicable balance. It had long been held that competitive forces would normally, in the long run, dissipate tendencies of unbalance, but as competition decreased in some industries and trades, the assumptions found in traditional economic theory became increasingly invalid. A third idea was that cost was the principal determinant of price, at least in the long run. Concepts of the elasticity of demand were still another influence upon the thinking of early marketing theory. Alfred Marshals concept of elasticity of demand has long been used by marketing writers as a theore tical basis for selling, advertising and the promotional work of marketing in general. (Fig 1. Price Elasticity of Demand (PED) It was devised by Alfred Marshall.) Content Price elasticity of demand is defined as the measure of responsiveness in the quantity demanded for products as a result of change in price of the same products. To say it in another way, its percentage change in quantity demanded as per the percentage change in price of the same products. In economics and in business, the price elasticity of demand is a measure of the sensitivity of quantity demanded to changes in price. It is measured as elasticity, which it is measures the relationship as the ratio of percentage changes between quantities demanded of a good and changes in its price. A price fall usually results in an increase in the quantity demanded by consumers. The demand for a good is relatively inelastic when the change in quantity demanded is less than change in price. Goods and services for which no substitutes exist are generally inelastic. Marketing strategy focus on the decisions marketers make to help the company satisfy its target market and achieve its objectives. Price, of course, is one of the key marketing mix decisions and due to all marketing decisions must work together; the final price will be impacted by how other marketing decisions are made. Every companies view price as a key selling feature, but some firms, for example those seeking to be viewed as market leaders in product quality, will de-emphasize price and concentrate on a strategy that highlights non-price benefits e.g. quality, durability, service, etc. Such non-price competition can help the company avoid potential price wars that often break out between competitive firms that follow a market share objective and use price as a key selling feature. Understanding how price changes impact the market requires the marketer have a firm understanding of the concept economists call elasticity of demand, which relates to how purchase quantity changes as prices change. Elasticity is evaluated under the assumption that no other changes are being made and only price is adjusted. The logic is to see how price by itself will affect overall demand. Obviously, the chance of nothing else changing in the market but the price of one product is often unrealistic. For example, competitors may react to the marketers price change by changing the price on their product. Despite this, elasticity analysis does serve as a useful tool for estimating market reaction therefore it leads to make pricing decisions. Price elasticity of demand elasticity plays an important part when it needs to make piecing decision Marketing Essentials: economics knowledge to pricing from a marketing perspective (supply, demand, price elasticity). And the knowledge of income elasticity of demand for different products helps firms predict the effect of a business cycle on sales as well. All countries experience a business cycle where actual GDP moves up and down in a regular pattern causing booms and slowdowns or even a recession. The business cycle means incomes rise and fall. Elasticity deals with three types of demand scenarios: (1) Elastic Demand, (2) Inelastic Demand and (3) Unitary Demand. For marketers the important issue with elasticity of demand is to understand how it impacts company revenue. Strategic Pricing  define the relationship between market segmentation and price, and delivers the tools to the organization needs to stay adjusted on value as determine break-even, define price elasticity, and analyze tradeoffs between features and price points. Using strategic pricing tools yields a better positioning approach. Opportunity cost is the cost expressed in terms of the next best alternative sacrificed. Opportunity cost is central to the whole study of both economics and business as it is at the heart of the decision making that characterizes the essence of both subject disciplines. Value helps to explain why the demand curve slopes downwards from left to right. At higher prices, consumers have to sacrifice more utility (the satisfaction gained) from consuming other products. For some in a market, the price they are being asked to pay does not represent value for money in other words they recognize that the sacrifice of other goods and services they have to make represents a negative impact on their utility. This is all very theoretical but it is what we do when we make decisions about spending every day. Elasticity varies among products because some products may be more essential to the consumer. Products that are necessities are more insensitive to price changes because consumers would continue buying these products despite price increases. Conversely, a price increase of a good or service that is considered less of a necessity will deter more consumers because the opportunity cost of buying the product will become too high. Price elasticity of demand is defined as the measure of responsiveness in the quantity demanded for a commodity as a result of change in price of the same commodity. In other words, it is percentage change in quantity demanded as per the percentage change in price of the same commodity. In economics and business studies, the price elasticity of demand (PED) is a measure of the sensitivity of quantity demanded to changes in price. It is measured as elasticity, which is it measures the relationship as the ratio of percentage changes between quantity demanded of a good and changes in its price. A price drop usually results in an increase in the quantity demanded by consumers. The demand for a good is relatively inelastic when the change in quantity demanded is less than change in price. Goods and services for which no substitutes exist are generally inelastic. Demand for an antibiotic, for example, becomes highly inelastic when it alone can kill an infection resistant to all other antibiotics. Rather than die of an infection, patients will generally be willing to pay whatever is necessary to acquire enough of the antibiotic to kill the infection. The primary objective of a business is to provide quality products and services to customers, and through this to make a profit as a strongly related objectives measure. Many organizations fail to make an appropriate profit because they do not know how to price their products or services. Pricing is the critical element in achieving a profit and is a factor that all firms should seek to control. In order to set prices appropriately, a firm must understand their products, the market for these, production and distribution costs, and the competition. Especially with the growth of the Internet and electronic commerce networks, the marketplace responds very rapidly to technological advances and international competition. Thus, the need to be continually sensitive to the many factors that affect pricing, and to be ready to adjust organizational behavior appropriately, is greater than ever. Here, we present a literature review and overview of this important subject and related pricing decis ion support issues. Conclusion In my opinion, the theory behind price sensitivity is based on an understanding of the aims of an organization and the concepts of price elasticity of demand and consumer surplus. Most private sector business organizations will need to make a profit to survive. This may not translate to a profit maximizing approach but nevertheless they will be looking to generate profits from activities. Part of this process will be looking at what happens to revenue. Revenue is the amount received from the sale of goods and services and is found by multiplying the price of a product by the quantity sold. Price has an important function in markets. It acts as a signal to both producers and consumers. For producers it gives them some indication about the returns they can expect from sales in relation to their costs in other words whether it is worth producing a good or not. For consumers it provides an indication about value. Value is a very important concept in economics and business. It is difficult to define because we all have a different interpretation of what value means. In essence, the value we place on a good or service is indicated by the price we are willing to pay to consume that good or service. Price sensitivity therefore is important to all businesses when considering their pricing strategies. They will need to have some understanding of how their market will react to changes in price and thus what the impact is on their revenue. Understanding of this will allow companies to make informed decisions on how should approach the final sale of the good which is achieved through marketing.

Probleemanalyse van essentieel belang

Probleemanalyse van essentieel belang Probleemanalyse Inleiding Bij het opstarten van een project is een probleemanalyse van essentieel belang. Na het bestuderen van het probleem en de vragen van de opdrachtgever, wordt een helder en duidelijk managementprobleem geformuleerd. Naast de opdracht formuleer je wat je gaat onderzoeken, op welke manier je dat gaat doen en waarom. De onderdelen die in de probleemanalyse aan bod komen zijn het managementprobleem, het onderzoeksprobleem, componenten, de onderzoeksdoelstelling gevolgd door de onderliggende onderzoeksvragen en op het einde het theoretisch kader, waar alle begrippen en theorieà «n in vermeld worden. De probleemanalyse wordt aangeboden aan de opdrachtgever, die de analyse goed- of afkeurt. Bij goedkeuring aanvaardt de opdrachtgever dat het projectteam de opdracht gaat uitvoeren. Managementprobleem De NHTV international hogeschool Breda is een allround kennisinstituut op het gebied van recreatie en toerisme. De NHTV leidt niet alleen (inter)nationale studenten op, maar organiseert ook congressen en neemt deel aan workshops en seminars over de hele wereld. De missie van de hogeschool luidt als volgt: NHTV wil een bijdrage leveren aan de maatschappij door in nauwe samenwerking met de internationale werkvelden (jonge) mensen op te leiden tot verantwoordelijke professionals voor een globaliserende werk- en kennisomgeving. De instelling wil medewerkers en studenten inspireren en uitdagen hun talenten optimaal te ontwikkelen, hun kennis en kunde te integreren en deze als professional of als wetenschapper op excellente en duurzame wijze toe te passen in de samenleving. (NHTV, 2010) Daarnaast is de hogeschool nauw betrokken bij het internationale toerisme en recreatieve bedrijfsleven, vooral als het gaat over innovatieve en duurzame ontwikkelingen. De hogeschool is een door de World Tourism Organization gecertificeerde opleiding die serieus meedenkt over etnische vraagstukken in het internationale toerisme. Daarnaast is de NHTV nauw betrokken bij de Initiatiefgroep Duurzaam Uitgaan Toerisme (IDUT). De opleiding Management Toerisme denkt erover om, in navolging van IDUT, een nieuw platform op te richten, namelijk het Internationaal Innovatieplatform Toeristisch Vervoer. De NHTV, de wereld, de toerist en de recreant hebben namelijk à ©Ãƒ ©n ding gemeen: ze zijn altijd in beweging. Het probleem is echter dat er een heldere visie op toeristisch en recreatief vervoer ontbreekt. Niet eerder is nagedacht over of onderzoek gedaan naar aspecten als ethiek, duurzaamheid, snelheid, prijs enzovoorts. Met het oog op de ontwikkelingen naar een beleveniseconomie en zelfs een transformationele economie, wil het Internationaal Innovatieplatform Toeristisch Vervoer een visie laten ontwikkelen op toeristisch-recreatief vervoer die de basis vormt voor een betekenisvol belevingsconcept. Er wordt als het ware een creatieve en overtuigende vertaalslag gemaakt van de droom (visie) naar de daad (concept). Het concept dient vervolgens globaal getoetst te worden op ethische en duurzaamheidaspecten. Tot op heden is er ook geen onderzoek gedaan naar nieuwe volggroepen die aansluiten bij de producten en het concept. Het is de bedoeling dat à ©Ãƒ ©n of meer volggroepen zich aantoonbaar aangesproken gaan voelen door de beleving die deze producten oplevert. De karakteristiek van deze volgroepen dient op basis van de waardegeorià «nteerde lifestyle-segmentatiemodellen gegeven te worden. Daarnaast dient het belevingsconcept aantoonbaar geschikt te zijn voor de ontwikkeling van een aantal verschillende en onderscheidende belevingsproducten. Daarbij dient à ©Ãƒ ©n belevingsproduct op hoofdlijnen uitgewerkt te worden. Uiteindelijk zal aangegeven worden hoe de betrokkenheid en/of binding tussen volggroep en belevingsproduct door interactieve communicatie kan worden bevorderd. Daarbij gaat het om het regisseren van de communicatie. (Handleiding CPO2, 2010) Onderzoeksprobleem Zoals in het managementprobleem beschreven staat, ontbreekt een heldere visie op toeristisch en recreatief vervoer. De NHTV geeft de student Management Toerisme om die reden de opdracht om op basis van een persoonlijke visie op toeristisch recreatief vervoer een sterk belevingsconcept voor een specifieke vorm van toeristisch-recreatief vervoer te ontwikkelen, waaraan verschillende onderscheidende belevingsproducten gekoppeld kunnen worden en waardoor met naam te benoemen volggroepen zich aangesproken en verbonden voelen. Met de introductie van het belevingsconcept voor vakantievervoer dient de eerste publicatie van het Internationaal Innovatieplatform Toeristisch Vervoer gevoed te worden. De compacte vraag die ik mijzelf bij dit project heb gesteld luidt als volgt: Hoe kan ik vanuit een persoonlijke visie komen tot een belevingsconcept? Om antwoord te geven op de bovenstaande onderzoeksvraag dient er informatie te worden verzameld over de diverse aspecten die bij dit project van belang zullen zijn. Zo zal de aanbodkant van het toeristisch-recreatief vervoer in kaart moeten worden gebracht en dient er onderzoek gedaan te worden naar de trends en ontwikkelingen van toeristisch-recreatief vervoer. Daarbij zal er gekeken worden naar de situatie op micro- en meso-niveau. Aan de hand van de micro-analyse dient er in kaart te worden gebracht wat de kernwaarden en motieven zijn, welke in verbinding staan met het toeristisch-recreatief vervoer. Een duidelijk beeld van de bovenstaande aspecten maakt het mogelijk een persoonlijk visie te formuleren waarna je kunt komen tot een belevingsconcept. Componenten Om antwoord te geven op de onderzoeksvragen zijn een aantal deelstudies noodzakelijk om te voorzien in de gedefinieerde informatie- en adviesbehoefte. In de opstartfase diende iedere student een keuze te maken tussen vervoer via land, water of lucht. De keuze is uiteindelijk gevallen op de vervoerssector transport over water. De reden hiervoor is dat het transport over water, in tegenstelling tot andere toeristisch-recreatieve vervoersmogelijkheden een stijgende lijn kent in het aantal passagiers. Daarnaast ontdoet het transport via water zich van zijn stoffige imago en hebben cruisemaatschappijen hun focus gelegd op de bouw van innovatieve schepen en het aanspreken van nieuwe doelgroepen. Het ABCDEF-model loopt als de rode draad door het conceptontwikkelingsproces heen. Deze methodiek is een uitbereiding van het conceptontwikkelingsproces en bevat de onderdelen: aandacht en analyse, broeden en beleven, creà «ren van een concept, design van belevenissen, experience platform en follow up. De ABCDEF-methodiek is kwalitatief van aard en gaat om het blootleggen van het hart of de ziel en deze in conceptvorm te vangen. Allereerst zal worden ingegaan op een nadere uitwerking van de aanbodkant. Er dient onderzocht te worden welke mogelijkheden reisorganisaties bieden, welke trends en ontwikkelingen er van toepassing zijn en waar de vervoerssector zich in onderscheid. Informatie hierover is te vinden op internet, in de databases van Tourpress en de Reisrevue. Daarnaast worden websites van touroperators en transportbedrijven geraadpleegt. Vervolgens zal worden ingegaan op vraag- en (deels) aanbodkant van toeristisch-recreatief vervoer over het water. Deze onderdelen bevat deelvragen die het doel hebben de situatie op macro-, meso- en micro-niveau te beschrijven. De macro-omgeving zal beschreven worden aan de hand van het DSTEPJ-model en de meso-omgeving zal beschreven worden aan de hand van het ABCD-model. De micro-analyse maakt onderdeel uit van de vraagkant, waarbij gekeken wordt naar de kernwaarden en motivaties van reizigers. Bij de micro-analyse zal gebruik worden gemaakt van het Mentality-model van Motivaction, die onderscheid maakt in verschillende sociale milieus. Daarnaast zal bij het onderzoeken van consumententrends publicaties en databases van Tourpress, Reisrevue, NBTC, TNS NIPO en de ANVR geraadpleegd worden. Theorieà «n en begrippen betreffende visie, duurzaamheid en ethiek, concept- en productontwikkeling etc. zijn te vinden in de literatuur van Nijs en Peters Imagineering, Rijkenberg Concepting en Boers en Beunders De andere kant van de vrije tijd. Onderzoeksdoelstelling Inzicht verkrijgen in de aanbodkant, trends en ontwikkelingen en kernwaarden en motivaties van het toeristisch-recreatief vervoer teneinde een visie te ontwikkelen op toeristisch-recreatief vervoer die de basis vormt voor een betekenisvol belevingsconcept. Inzicht verkrijgen in de aanbodkant, trends en ontwikkelingen en kernwaarden en motivaties van het toeristisch-recreatief vervoer teneinde een sterk belevingsconcept voor een specifieke vorm van toeristisch-recreatief vervoer te ontwikkelen, waaraan verschillende onderscheidende belevingsproducten gekoppeld kunnen worden en waardoor met naam te benoemen volggroepen zich aangesproken en verbonden voelen. Onderzoeksvragen Hoe ziet het aanbodkant eruit van toeristisch-recreatief vervoer over het water? Hoe ziet de situatie eruit op macro-niveau? Hoe ziet de situatie eruit op meso-niveau? Hoe ziet de situatie eruit op micro-niveau? Theoretisch kader Het ABCDEF-model loopt als de rode draad door het conceptontwikkelingsproces heen. Deze methodiek is een uitbereiding van het conceptontwikkelingsproces en bevat de volgende onderdelen Analyse en Aandacht. Analyse van vraag als aanbodkant. Inleven in de ziel, de aard, het unieke DNA van het aanbod aan toeristisch recreatief vervoer. Broeden en Beleven. Ontwikkelen van een subjectieve en onderscheidende visie op toeristisch recreatief vervoer en de daarin gekozen sector. Creà «ren van een Concept. Het vertalen van een visie in een concept. Design van belevenissen. Ontwerpen van belevingsproducten, diensten of belevenissen. Experience platform. Emotionele betrokkenheid, loyaliteit creà «ren. Follow up. Het werken met belevingsconcepten en -producten leidt tot innovaties binnen het bedrijf. (Projecthandleiding CPO2, 2010) Bij het maken van een situatieanalyse kan een onderscheid gemaakt worden in een externe (ook wel omgevingsanalyse genoemd) en een interne situatieanalyse. De externe analyse bestaat uit variabelen die van invloed zijn op de activiteiten van de organisatie, maar waarop door de organisatie zelf geen (of weinig) invloed kan worden uitgeoefend. In de literatuur wordt hierbij een verder onderscheid gemaakt in macro-omgeving en meso-omgeving. De macro-omgevingsanalyse, ook wel eens trendanalyse genoemd, wordt gebruikt om de huidige en toekomstige trends en/of gebeurtenissen te lokaliseren, die potentià «le mogelijkheden of bedreigingen vormen voor de organisatie. Bij de eerste onderzoeksvraag zal gebruik worden gemaakt van het DSTEPJ-model, waaronder de demografische factoren, sociaal culturele omgevingsvariabelen, technologische omgevingsvariabelen, economische omgevingsvariabelen, politieke omgevingsvariabelen en juridische variabelen vallen. Demografische factoren: kenmerken die te maken hebben met de Nederlandse bevolking. Economische factoren: kenmerken die te maken hebben met de economie van Nederland. Sociaal-culturele factoren: kenmerken van cultuur en leefgewoonten van Nederland. Technologische factoren: kenmerken van de ontwikkeling op technologisch gebied. Ecologische factoren: kenmerken die te maken hebben met de fysieke omgeving en milieu. Politiek: kenmerken van overheidsbeslissingen. Juridische factoren: kenmerken van overheidsbeslissingen (Intemarketing.nl, 2010) Factoren uit de meso-omgeving hebben te maken met factoren binnen de branche, die van invloed zijn op het functioneren van de organisatie. Hierbij gaat het vooral om marktvormen, marktstructuur en marktorganisatie vanuit de vraagzijde en vanuit de aanbodzijde. En ook de concurrentie- en concurrentieanalyse is hier van belang. De vraag naar vakanties in het algemeen, de binnenlandse vakantie in het bijzonder en specifiek naar kamperen, zijn ontwikkelingen binnen de branche van verblijfsrecreatie, die voor een camping van belang zijn. De meso-analyse zal worden beschreven aan de hand van het ABCD-model, waaronder de afnemers-, bedrijfstak-, concurrentie- en distributieanalyse behoren. Bij de micro-analyse wordt de kernwaarden, motivaties en trends van de consument onderzocht. Dit zal gedaan worden aan het hand van hand van de verschillende Mentality-milieus van Motivaction, waarbij onderscheid wordt gemaakt in socio-demografische gegevens en de normen en waarden van de verschillende milieus. De gemaksgeorià «nteerden: de impulsieve en passieve consument die in de eerste plaats streeft naar een onbezorgd, plezierig en comfortabel leven. De opwaarts mobielen: de carrià ¨regerichte individualisten met een uitgesproken fascinatie voor sociale status, nieuwe technologie, risico en spanning. De nieuwe conservatieven: de liberaalconservatieve maatschappelijke bovenlaag die alle ruimte wil geven aan technologische ontwikkeling, maar zich verzet tegen sociale en culturele vernieuwingen. De kosmopolieten: de open en kritische wereldburgers die postmoderne waarden als ontplooien en beleven integreren met moderne waarden als maatschappelijk succes, materialisme en genieten. De postmaterialisten: de maatschappelijke idealisten die zichzelf willen ontplooien, stelling nemen tegen sociaal onrecht en opkomen voor het milieu. De postmoderne hedonisten: de pioniers van de beleveniscultuur, waarin experiment en het breken met morele en sociale conventies doelen op zichzelf zijn geworden. De traditionele burgerij: de moralistische, plichtsgetrouwe en op de status-quo gerichte burgerij die vasthoudt aan tradities en materià «le bezittingen. De moderne burgerij: de conformistische, statusgevoelige burgerij die het evenwicht zoekt tussen traditie en moderne waarden als consumeren en genieten. (Motivaction.nl, 2010) Werkwijze Aanbodkant van toeristisch-recreatief vervoer Inleiding In dit hoofdstuk zullen we het gaan hebben over de verschillende mogelijkheden binnen toeristisch-recreatief vervoer in het algemeen à ©n gespecialiseerd op de sector vervoer over water. Er zijn drie doelen van het gebruik van transport die toegelicht zullen worden, namelijk: als doorvoer, als bestemming en als toeristische attractie. Mogelijkheden binnen toeristisch-recreatief vervoer Transport als doorvoer Het belangrijkste doel van het gebruik van toeristisch-recreatief vervoer is het transporteren van mensen naar een andere bestemming dan de plaats van herkomst (bijna 90%). Nadeel voor de touroperator is dat hij weinig tot geen controle uit kan voeren op de geboden service. Door middel van yieldmanagement zal er een poging worden gedaan een optimale mix van prijs en bezetting te behalen. Toch kan het vervoer gezien worden als een belevenis, mits er hoog wordt gescoord op de volgende criteria: het type transport, de persoonlijkheid van de toerist, de frequentie van het reizen en de reissamenstelling van de toerist. Deze criteria dienen te worden vergeleken met nadelen van vervoer als lange wachtrijen en vertragingen. Transport als bestemming Eenmaal op de bestemming aangekomen maken toeristen veelvuldig gebruik van vervoers-middelen als huurautos, taxis, busdiensten en veerboten. Vaak spelen vervoerders op de bestemming hierop in door producten aan te bieden voor specifiek gericht zijn op het toerisme. Hierbij kunt u denken aan excursies en kaarten voor het openbare vervoer in het gebied. Vervoer op de vakantiebestemming is goed voor 10% van het totale toeristische gebruik van vervoer. Transport als toeristische attractie In een aantal gevallen is het vervoersmiddel de attractie tussen bestemmingen in à ©Ãƒ ©n of meerdere landen. De grootste markt hiervoor is de cruise-industrie. Daarnaast zijn er voorbeelden van treinreizen als de Oriental Express, dagtrips met een ferry door Engeland en kanaalcruises door Amsterdam. Vormen van reizen De meest voor de hand liggende manier voor het analyseren van toeristisch-recreatief vervoer is door te kijken naar de verschillende vormen van reizen: land, water, spoor en lucht. De keuze van de toerist voor een bepaalde vorm van reizen hangt samen met invloeden als: afstand en tijd, status en comfort, veiligheid en nuttigheid, prijs/ service en dienstverlening, geografische ligging en de hoogte van de concurrentie tussen de verschillende diensten. Componenten Er kunnen vier basiselementen worden onderscheiden, namelijk: de weg, de wachtruimte, het vervoersmiddel en de drijfkracht. De weg kan omschreven worden als het middel waarin het vervoersmiddel kunstmatig (weg, rails) of natuurlijk (lucht, water) opereert. Wachtruimtes geven de reiziger toegang tot het vervoersmiddel of fungeren als schakel tussen verschillende wijzen van vervoer. Niet alle vervoersmiddelen hebben een geavanceerde terminal nodig. Zo stoppen stadsbussen bijvoorbeeld op plaatsen langs weg. Het vervoers-middel is het voertuig dat het vervoer vergemakkelijkt. De aard van het vervoersmiddel wordt beà ¯nvloed door verschillende factoren als: vraag- en technologische ontwikkelingen en drijfkracht, het belangrijkste element in de ontwikkeling van transport. Vervoersmiddelen kennen een steeds grotere capaciteit, zijn sneller en worden vooral milieuvriendelijker. De vervoersindustrie is een concurrentiegevoelige en complexe industrie. Verschillende vormen van vervoer, verschillende bedrijven en verschillende landen beconcurreren elkaar met hun product. Consumenten kiezen aan de hand van de volgende factoren voor een bepaald vervoersmiddel of bedrijf: veiligheid, kosten, snelheid, afstand, gemak, vertrek- en aankomsttijd, betrouwbaarheid, beschikbaarheid, flexibiliteit, service, comfort, prikkels en status en prestige. (Tourism principles and practice, 2010) Toeristisch-recreatief vervoersaanbod van de sector water Toeristisch-recreatief vervoer over het water kunnen we verdelen in vervoer per veerboot en cruiseschip. Rondreizen per cruiseschip zijn vervolgens onder te verdelen in zeecruises en riviercruises. Er zijn twee verschillen tussen aan te duiden tussen zee- en riviercruises: het soort water dat bevaren wordt heeft gevolgen voor het soort schip en bij een zeecruise wordt er s nachts gevaren, in tegenstelling tot bij de riviercruise, waar varen zelf juist de grootste attractie is en daardoor overdag gevaren wordt. De cruise is voortgekomen uit de overcapaciteit aan schepen, die ontstond toen er in de jaren vijftig geen of nauwelijks meer interesse bestond voor de lijndienstscheepvaart. Sinds de jaren tachtig en het begin van de negentiger jaren is de cruisebusiness in een stroomversnelling terecht gekomen. Jaarlijks boeken zon tien miljoen mensen wereldwijd een cruise. De schepen hebben zich ontwikkelt tot gestroomlijnde drijvende resorts die duizenden passagiers kunnen vervoeren. Ze var en voornamelijk in het Caribisch gebied, de Bahamas, naar Alaska en zelfs Antarctica. Daarnaast zijn er trans-Atlantische cruises naar New York en bescheiden cruises in de Middellandse Zee. In tegenstelling tot zeecruises vinden riviercruises voornamelijk plaats in Europa. Voor de Nederlandse markt zijn bestemmingen binnen Europa dan ook veruit het belangrijkste. Er worden cruises aangeboden op de rivieren: de Rijn, de Maas, de Donau, de Elbe, de Rhà ´ne, de Seine en de Don. Luxueuze riviercruises buiten Europa komen voornamelijk voor op de Nijl en de Mississippi. Ruim honderd jaar geleden werd de akte van Mannheim getekend, door landen die aan de Rijn liggen. In deze akte werd het varen op de Rijn aan regels onderworpen, hetgeen een grote invloed heeft voor de huidige scheepsvaart op de Rijn. Eà ©n van de onderdelen was, dat de schepen op de Rijn en haar zijrivieren bepaalde afmetingen niet mochten overschrijden, zodat à ©Ãƒ ©n van de belangrijkste kenmerken van een riviercruiseschip is in tegenstelling tot het zeecruiseschip dat het maximaal vier verdiepingen mag hebben, waardoor het schip onder de bruggen door kan varen. Door de bovengenoemde voorschriften komen in West-Europa de riviercruiseschepen niet boven de capaciteit van tweehonderd passagiers uit. De tarieven worden voornamelijk bepaald door de luxe van het schip. Prijzen liggen tussen de circa â‚ ¬ 100,- en â‚ ¬ 350,- per persoon per dag. (De wereld in toeristische bestemmingen, 2004) Wat betreft het vervoer van voertuigen en goederen op korte overtochten, bieden veerboten goedkope, betrouwbare en veilige diensten. Vervoer per ferry is de enige mogelijkheid in het geval van een afgelegen en klein eiland waar geen luchthaven aanwezig is. Denk bijvoorbeeld aan Griekenland, waar slechts 15 luchthavens tot 95 bewoonde eilanden dienen. In dit geval verbinden grote veerboten het vasteland, de havens en de eilanden met elkaar. Bovendien verzorgen kleinere regionale veerboten het vervoer tussen de eilanden, met name in het hoogseizoen. In veel gevallen kan de luchtvaart een uitstekend alternatief zijn voor het vervoer tussen de grotere eilanden en het vasteland. Het belangrijkste voordeel van de ferry in vergelijking met het vliegtuig is de prijs, gecombineerd met het feit dat passagiers op de bestemming gebruik kunnen maken van hun eigen voertuig. De populariteit van autovakanties en self-drive pakketten, evenals de invoering van het roll-on-roll-off principe die het voor de haven mogelijk maakt een groter volume van de voertuigen te verwerken tonen de stijging van de vraag naar veerdiensten aan. De geleidelijke liberalisering van het luchtvervoer in Europa, de daling van de kosten van vliegtickets en de ontwikkeling van alternatieve vervoersmogelijkheden hebben ervoor gezorgd dat veerdiensten vors investeren om hun schepen te verbeteren, de snelheid te verhogen en recreatieve voorzieningen te ontwikkelen. Routes met langere overtochten bieden de reiziger tegenwoordig een ruime keuze aan recreatieve voorzieningen en een consument-gerichte service. Moderne schepen als de catamaran en draagvleugelboten zijn in de afgelopen decennia op bepaalde routes ingevoerd. Moderne schepen hebben meer vermogen dan de traditionele veerdiensten en arriveren dus sneller op hun bestemming. Ze varen tot drie keer sneller dan een normale veerboot, terwijl ze een grote wendbaarheid en een snelle turn-around hebben in de haven. Daarnaast nemen ze veel minder ruimte in beslag dan traditionele veerdiensten waardoor ze een minimum aan dokfaciliteiten nodig hebben. Moderne schepen trekken dan ook voornamelijk up-market toeristen aan die de wens hebben hun bestemming zo spoedig mogelijk te bereiken. Nadelen van deze schepen: ze zijn veel duurder dan traditionele veerboten, kwetsbaarder in slechte weersomstandigheden en kunnen luidruchtig zijn. Naast de veerboot, het cruiseschip, de catamaran en de draagvleugelboot kennen we nog een aantal categorieà «n, zoals de binnenvaart, kleine pleziervaartuigen, het zeilschip en de rondvaartboot. Kenmerken van deze vervoersmogelijkheden zijn dat ze vaak op de bestemming zelf gebruikt worden of bevaren worden door de eigenaar van het vaartuig. Daardoor worden ze niet allemaal beschouwd als toeristisch-recreatief vervoer. (Tourism principles and practice, 2010) Recente cijfers cruisetoerisme: Terwijl een groot deel van de Nederlandse reisbranche de negatieve gevolgen van de economische crisis ondervindt, is de cruisesector bezig met een spectaculaire opmars. De cruisemarkt toont aan zich onder lastige omstandigheden aanzienlijk in de toeristische sector te blijven ontwikkelen. Nederland heeft daarentegen een flinke achterstand in te halen op echte cruisenaties, zoals de Groot-Brittannià «, Italià «, Duitsland, Frankrijk en Spanje. In 2008 werden er 4,5 miljoen cruisepassagiers geteld uit Europa, waarvan er 1,5 miljoen uit Groot-Brittannià « kwamen en 0,9 miljoen uit Duitsland. Desondanks is Nederland bezig met een opmars en de meest recente cijfers voor Nederland liegen er niet om. In 2008 nam het aantal Nederlandse cruisepassagiers al met ruim 44 procent toe tot ruim 48.600 en in het eerste kwartaal van 2009 kon de opgaande lijn voortgezet en versterkt worden, aldus Norbert van der Glas, voorzitter van de Dutch Cruise Council (DCC). Aan het einde van het jaar verwacht hij tenminste 60.000 cruisepassagiers te verwelkomen, wat een stijging betekend van 25% ten opzichte van het jaar daarvoor. Tot 1 april 2009 boekten ruim 38.000 Nederlanders een cruisvakantie, 47 procent meer dan in dezelfde periode in 2007. Als de prognose voor heel 2009 uitkomt is het a antal cruisereizigers in twee jaar bijna verdubbeld. De cruisemarkt is in rap tempo bezig zich te ontdoen van haar stoffige imago en spreekt een steeds jonger publiek aan. De beeldvorming is zich bij een breed publiek ingrijpend aan het wijzigen. Dat komt niet alleen door de voortdurende vlootvernieuwing, maar ook door de verjonging en modernisering van activiteiten aan boord. Natuurlijk hebben we nog steeds veel senioren onder onze passagiers, maar ook steeds meer families vinden cruisen geweldig, zo zegt Norbert van der Glas. Tenslotte krijgt de cruisemarkt een opwaartse impuls door het groeiend aantal vertrekken vanuit Nederlandse havens, verwacht Van der Glas. Mensen zien dat of horen daarover en krijgen dan ook zelf zin om op reis te gaan. Voor cruiseschepen die in Amsterdam hun thuishaven krijgen zal het effect door de verwachte komst van een tweede cruiseterminal nabij de Coentunnel op langere termijn positief worden beà ¯nvloed. De huidige Passenger Terminal Amsterdam (PTA) zal dan vooral voor dagbezoek van cruises worden gebruikt. Naar verwachting zal die ontwikkeling in de loop van 2013/2014 haar beslag krijgen. De spectaculaire opmars van de cruisesector werden gepresenteerd tijdens de lancering van de Dutch Cruise Council in 2009. Daarin hebben twintig rederijen of hun vertegenwoordigers in Nederland zich verenigd om samen het cruiseproduct in de breedste zin van het woord te promoten bij reisbranche en consument. De situatie op macro-niveau Inleiding In dit hoofdstuk zal onderzoek gedaan worden naar trends en ontwikkelingen op macro-niveau. Het doel van trendonderzoek is om voorspellingen te doen op de langere termijn. Het verschil met modes en rages is dat deze grillig en tijdelijk zijn, in tegenstelling tot trends waarbij het om langdurige, fundamentele, autonome maatschappelijke ontwikkelingen gaat. Er zal in dit hoofdstuk, tenzij anders vermeld, gebruik worden gemaakt van de andere kant van de vrije tijd (2007) en het artikel Trendwatching Trends voor 2010 (2009). Demografische ontwikkelingen De belangrijkste demografische trends in de westerse wereld zijn vergrijzing, ontgroening en gezinsverdunning. Vergrijzing betekent de opkomst van actieve en koopkrachtige senioren. Daarnaast ontstaat een groep ouderen die met een zeer beperkt inkomen dito mogelijkheden hebben. De ontgroening leidt tot een afname van de jongerenmarkt qua omvang, maar deze wordt deel gecompenseerd door toegenomen bestedingsmogelijkheden. De gezinsverdunning leidt tot een toename van het aantal uren huishoudelijke arbeid en daarmee op macro-niveau tot een afname van de hoeveelheid vrije tijd. De tijdsbesparende functie van nieuwe huishoudelijke apparatuur wordt daardoor op macro-niveau ook grotendeels tenietgedaan. Bevolking per component Net als de bevolkingsgroei laat de huishoudensgroei een langzaam afnemend verloop zien (Van Duin en Loozen, 2009). Ondanks het feit dat de huishoudensgroei de komende jaren met 0,5 tot 1 procent per jaar zal groeien, zal deze in 2040 geleidelijk tot nul zijn afgenomen. De relatieve groei van het aantal huishoudens zal in de aankomende jaren tweemaal hoger liggen dan die van het aantal inwoners. Dit wordt veroorzaakt door het groeiende aantal alleen-staanden, waardoor de gemiddelde grootte van huishoudens voortdurende afneemt. Een andere belangrijke oorzaak is de vergrijzing. Ouderen zijn na het verlies van hun levenspartner vaker alleenstaand dan personen van middelbare leeftijd. De laatste groep kiest er sinds de jaren zeventig steeds meer voor om ongehuwd samen te wonen. Omdat ongehuwde stellen hogere scheidingsrisicos met zich meedragen, zal deze informalisering gepaard gaan met een toenemende instabiliteit. De verwachting is dat de huishoudensver-dunning rond 2040 vrijwel uitgewe rkt is. Vergrijzing/ ontgroening Uit cijfers van het Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek die de nieuwe regionale prognose beschrijft van de periode 2009-2040 blijkt dat de vergrijzing in Nederland in de afgelopen jaren is toegenomen. In de periode tussen het einde van de Tweede Wereldoorlog en het begin van de jaren zeventig lag het aantal geboorten in Nederland beduidend hoger dan in de jaren ervoor en erna. Dit had tot gevolg dat Nederland hedendaags een grote bevolkingsgroep van 39-63-jarigen heeft. Het aantal ouderen zal door de instroom van de 39-63-jarigen vanaf 2011 snel stijgen. Het aandeel van 65-plussers zal stijgen van 15 procent in 2009 naar 26 procent rond 2040. Door de stijgende levensverwachting blijven ouderen bovendien steeds langer in leven. Van de mensen die dit jaar 65 werden zal naar verwachting in 2025 ruim 70 procent 80 jaar worden. Van de mensen die in 1990 65 jaar werden, haalde slechts zon 60 procent de 80 jaar. Het verschil in vergrijzing tussen stad en platteland komt duidelijk tot uiting indien gekeken wordt naar de verstedelijkingsgraad. Niet-stedelijke gemeenten hebben over het algemeen een oudere bevolking dan stedelijke gemeenten. Volgens de prognose neemt dat verschil de komende decennia nog iets toe. In de regios Amsterdam, Den Haag, Rotterdam en Utrecht blijft het aandeel ouderen tot 2040 lager dan een kwart. In deze regios zijn de grote steden economische groeipolen en deze oefenen, gecombineerd met een groot aanbod aan (onderwijs) faciliteiten, een sterke aantrekkingskracht op jongeren uit. Bevolkingsgroei en -krimp Na de sterke bevolkingsgroei in de jaren vijftig, zestig en zeventig, veroorzaakt door de aanhoudende geboortegolf en de grote stromen immigranten die Nederland ontving, is hier in de 21ste eeuw langzaam een kentering in gekomen. In snel tempo daalde de bevolkingsgroei in de eerste helft van dit decennium en bereikte in 2006 een dieptepunt toen de bevolking met slechts 24 duizend personen groeide en er voor het eerst sinds lange tijd sprake was van een vertrekoverschot. In 2007 trok de immigratie weer sterk aan, met een recordaantal van 143 duizend in 2008. In de bevolkingsprognose van het CBS wordt verwacht dat de bevolkings-groei van Nederland nog zon 30 jaar zal aanhouden. Wel zal het tempo veel lager liggen dan in het verleden. Is krimp op nationaal niveau dus nog niet aan de orde, voor bepaalde regios en steden ligt de situatie anders. Diverse grote steden hebben, als gevolg van suburbanisatie, in de tweede helft van de vorige eeuw hun inwonertal zien afnemen. Deze trend is over igens gekeerd door nieuwe inzichten in het beleid en daarmee samenhangend meer woningbouw aan de randen van de grote steden. Meer informatie over deze ontwikkeling is te vinden onder het verstedelijking, verderop in dit hoofdstuk. Huishoudensgroei en -krimp/ Afnemende omvang van huishoudens In beleidskringen heeft de discussie over groei en krimp meestal betrekking op het aantal personen. Voor de woningbouw is het echter veel belangrijker hoe de ontwikkel

David Lachapelle Essay -- Biography Biographies Bio

David LaChapelle is an incredible, modern photographer. He combines celebrities with the bizarre. His photography is unique, charged with sexual imagery, and provides a unique view on people you see in the media, today. I chose an article from American Photo, May/June 2003, as the basis of my research paper on David LaChapelle. The magazine has a nice design. It is easy to read the print, and the titles of topics are always visible. You won't turn a page and have to take a minute to figure out what is going on, on that page. Although there are many ads in the magazine, I suppose that one shouldn't expect any less; they're mainly ads for photography-type companies and such. This issue is still plentiful in articles, starting off with a page on Henri Cartier-Bresson. As I skim through American Photo, I finally come to an article on "The 25 Most Important Photographers Now." There's a nice introduction on the first page, about what this article is about, and on the bottom-left corner it starts with the first photographer in the list, Gilles Bensimon. The article has a nice layout, including a picture by each photographer and their name headlined above or below, and each photographer also has a good-sized paragraph about himself or herself. Many, many pages into the "top 25," David LaChapelle finally appears. The bottom half of the page shows LaChapelle's photograph, "Facial," which was taken for Italian Vogue in 2001 ("David LaChapelle"). The paragraph written about him starts off with a self-explanation of his photography: " My pictures are escapist. For me, pictures are fantasies. At the same time, they're a document of our time." The article goes on to explain his photography with more detail, and basically fin... ... plays a major part. The pattern adds to the absurdity of the two girls; their expressions are both totally different. It's actually really hard to tell what this picture is even supposed to be about exactly, but I guess I just love all the colors and the beautifulness of the photograph as a whole. The use of color is an important aspect in David LaChapelle's photography. He uses saturation to a very high extent. As far as almost making his photography seem dreamlike. I think it's beautiful, and I love the bright colors he uses. Even though he may use a lot of computer manipulation, I think LaChapelle's photography shows a distinct honesty throughout his photography. He still shows what is real, but he dramatizes it and puts it in your face. Overall, David LaChapelle is a wonderful photographer, and is obviously continuing to develop his skills as an artist. David Lachapelle Essay -- Biography Biographies Bio David LaChapelle is an incredible, modern photographer. He combines celebrities with the bizarre. His photography is unique, charged with sexual imagery, and provides a unique view on people you see in the media, today. I chose an article from American Photo, May/June 2003, as the basis of my research paper on David LaChapelle. The magazine has a nice design. It is easy to read the print, and the titles of topics are always visible. You won't turn a page and have to take a minute to figure out what is going on, on that page. Although there are many ads in the magazine, I suppose that one shouldn't expect any less; they're mainly ads for photography-type companies and such. This issue is still plentiful in articles, starting off with a page on Henri Cartier-Bresson. As I skim through American Photo, I finally come to an article on "The 25 Most Important Photographers Now." There's a nice introduction on the first page, about what this article is about, and on the bottom-left corner it starts with the first photographer in the list, Gilles Bensimon. The article has a nice layout, including a picture by each photographer and their name headlined above or below, and each photographer also has a good-sized paragraph about himself or herself. Many, many pages into the "top 25," David LaChapelle finally appears. The bottom half of the page shows LaChapelle's photograph, "Facial," which was taken for Italian Vogue in 2001 ("David LaChapelle"). The paragraph written about him starts off with a self-explanation of his photography: " My pictures are escapist. For me, pictures are fantasies. At the same time, they're a document of our time." The article goes on to explain his photography with more detail, and basically fin... ... plays a major part. The pattern adds to the absurdity of the two girls; their expressions are both totally different. It's actually really hard to tell what this picture is even supposed to be about exactly, but I guess I just love all the colors and the beautifulness of the photograph as a whole. The use of color is an important aspect in David LaChapelle's photography. He uses saturation to a very high extent. As far as almost making his photography seem dreamlike. I think it's beautiful, and I love the bright colors he uses. Even though he may use a lot of computer manipulation, I think LaChapelle's photography shows a distinct honesty throughout his photography. He still shows what is real, but he dramatizes it and puts it in your face. Overall, David LaChapelle is a wonderful photographer, and is obviously continuing to develop his skills as an artist.

Child Dieting and eating disorders :: essays research papers

Worried about her weight, Kristy swore off dessert and cut back on meal portions. As do many of us all the time. Eventually, she began skipping breakfast and was just nibbling at lunch and dinner. Within six months, she dropped 13 pounds. A weight-loss success story? Not at all. Kristy is only 10 years old. Her diet cost her 20 percent of her weight.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Children such as Kristy, a 4th-grader, are at the forefront of a disturbing new trend affecting the health of U.S. children: dieting. Around the country, children as young as 6 are shedding pounds, afraid of being fat and increasingly being treated for eating disorders that threaten their health and growth. With girls reaching puberty at younger ages, it has become natural for youngsters under age 10 to grow increasingly concerned about bodily changes and weight gain. Puberty is a time of rapid growth in a child's life. Girls and boys alike usually become curvier during this time. Females tend to gain weight on their hips, while males develop broad shoulders and backs. Therefore there is often an increase in overall body fat. A study by Steven R Thomsen in the Internalizing the Impossible Journal says that U.S. girls are showing signs of puberty at a younger age. A common medical view is that less than 1 percent of girls under 8 enter puberty. The study based on current data from 17,000 children found pubescent development in 7 percent of white girls and 27 percent of black girls between 7 and 8 years old. Between ages 8 and 9, signs were evident in 15 percent of whites and 48 percent of blacks. This is one of the reasons for an increase in the number of adolescent children on diets and with eating disorders. Another reason would be the increase of obesity in the United States. During the past 20 years there has been a dramatic increase in obesity in the US. In 1991, four states had obesity rates of 15–19 percent and no states had rates at or above 20 percent. In 2003, 15 states had obesity prevalence rates of 15–19 percent; 31 states had rates of 20–24 percent; and 4 states had rates more than 25 percent. Not only are the obesity rates increasing, so is the knowledge of these statistics. More and more parents are putting their children on diets so they do not become a number in these statistics.

Is College Worth it Essay

â€Å"What is a College Degree Worth? † by Maggie Gallagher. The overall main idea of this article is that the cost of college is going up and people is taking loans out which are putting them in debt because they have to pay them off. That is the reason why some people don’t go to college, I believe the author wrote the article to inform you about why teens are in debt after they graduate college. According to Mrs. Gallagher the main reason why college debt is increasing is  because loans are available and teenagers are encouraged to borrow money. At least 700 colleges have contract with bad banks to market credit cards to students. About nine in 10 students use credit cards to help pay for their college expenses. The main reason why the increase in college debt is because colleges have taught teenagers bad financial decisions, which has caused the decrease in the worth of a college degrees. The degree I’m pursuing at this moment is my Bachelor’s degree in Culinary Arts. I want a better education other than a high school diploma. Me wanting to become a chef/ Pastry chef, there is nothing Flint nor Michigan for my degree. I want to be up there with the people on the Food network channel and the TLC channel as well. With me having more degrees it will most likely guarantee me a VERY nice job in the near future.

Criminal Law Revision Notes

Homicide natural im partiality Xs motivateions toward Y whitethorn constrain homicide, which pursuant to s 277 is irregular sidesplitting of a psyche. Depending on the flock, down the stairs s 277 an un legalityful (s268) killing is each finish up or manslaughter. Killing is delineate in s 270 as incur the death of a nonher directly or indirectly by e precise meat. closing is specify chthonic 13C of the definition sour 1984 (WA) as the irreversible cessation of circulation or brain conk. A individual grammatical case of creationness killed is delimit infra s 269 as a psyche t protrude ensemble proceeded in a living introduce from their m ricocheter(a). Y is a soulfulness. Y is stagnant Vari up to(p) for s269 Where an scathe is through to an unhatched electric s obliger who accordingly dies aft(prenominal) endure it intrinsic be naturalised that the earlier injuries atomic number 18 a valid fount of death. In the case of Martin v R it was held that a causal link dissolve be decoyn between reproach to a foetus and the death of that child after birth. Specific reference was suck in in the case to s 271 where a child dies in issuing of crooks do by close to(prenominal) soulfulness brieflyer or during birth, the soulfulness who did some(prenominal)(prenominal) achievement is deemed to watch killed the child. agent Proof of author requires satisf motion of both f veritable and sub judice grammatical constituents (Roy solely Krakouer) what you extremity to pullion at is the motive between the ferment and the death, so when you halt the try ons, you pick a particular deed of the incriminate. If on that point is no snatchion, then(prenominal) you image at skip. ? occurrenceual Gener e realy low-cal to establish featureual antecedent at a lower place(a) the nonwithstanding-for running play (Royall). Variable However, it does non concur in cases of an innocent agent (Whit e v Ridley) or in cases of thought little(prenominal)ness, unless in that location was a vocation and the bitions atomic number 18 conceivable in the part (duties ss 262-267). dupe to f snatchs by stating truly precisely . further for Y doing specialally this, X would non slang d maven(a) this and hence non died ? Legal Royall established four hears for legal causation. In intemperate cases the operative and true ca look is best. (1) in operation(p) and substantial cause (2) Natural consequence (3) Reasonable foresight (4) putting green sentiency (Campbell) ? Variable for causation Behaviour of criminate indigence non be fillet of sole cause of death (Krakouer) ? Novus Actus Interveniens (1) theatrical role 272 and Royall causeions of escaping dupe provide non reak the chain if business organization of death or impose on _or_ oppress is healthy and hearty established. (2) Section 275 medical intervention of victim go a musical mode non let o ut chain if evenhandedly proper in caboodle and utilise in genuine faith. Treatment holds all symbolises and oversights in the anxiety of the patient (Cook). Turning off flavour support is non novus actus authoritative brush up is unflurried operative and substantial cause of death (Kanish). (1) Section 23B and R v Martyr Ab figureity or failing in victim bequeath not break chain. moldiness take victim as you find them. (3) R v Hallet natural all the samet allow for not break chain if it is valid foreseeable. 4) R v Pa copt Actions of third take upy lead not break the chain if actions ar an obvious termination of what first mortal did. (5) Section 261 go for to death is fresh to issue of responsibility. pattern The fault comp singlent in s 279(1)(a) is an aim to kill, and beneath s 279(1)(b) it is an sprightlinession to do natural defacement which perils or is possible to cross lifespan. heading is not be in the code. In R v Willmot emoti onal enjoinion is be as having the consequence of an action in look. The pattern is inferred from the act if the nimble consequences are obvious and inevitable (Parker v The Queen). computer code ? s279(1)(a) aim to kill is mutilate ? s279(1)(b) Intention to cause embodied taint of a temperament that endangers or is analogously (Hind v Harwood) to endanger life is polish off. ? s279(1)(c) (1) final stage is caused by an act (2) through in the criminal pursuit of an out righted pattern (3)which is of the nature to be possible to endanger life. A further nefarious take early(a) than killing (Stuart v The Queen). Likely is define as a substantial ( veritable and not removed) prognosis (Hind v Harwood). ? s280 Manslaughter is illicit killing that is not murder (due to subscribe of markion). ? 281 un integrityful misde hatchor (s 222) ca employ death disaffirmation mechanism against manslaughter (s 23B throw). nevertheless 2 segments essential(prenomina l) be turn out enrapture (s 222) and death caused. you only get to 281 after you incur s wait on that thither is a acknowledgment force of 23B. although, whitethornbe not, it could as well be lackof causation, nevertheless its not really correct here with murder/manslaughter Defences ? 23A lack of will ? 23B diagonal ? 24 misidentify of fact ? Mistake of fairness should be here too, if only to situate that it is not relevant ? 27 lunacy ? 28 intoxication ? 29 immatureness ? 248 self- defense Stealing, s378, 371 equity It is an dis romanceesy to purloin low s 378. The agents (s371) to be convenient are that (1) taking or converting (2) a intimacy capable of being stolen (3) with both-faced intent. ? A social occasion capable of being stolen is delineate in s 370. Any intimacy which is the regulate of a soul that is moveable (para 1), able to be made moveable (para 2), uncivilised (para 4)and tame animals (para 3), electricity (s390), use of a computer ( s440A), or each(prenominal) social function capable of proprietorship. Doesnt matter if be massives to soul whos taking for this element ? taking is not delimit in the Code.It is outlined in Wallis v Lane as moving (Clemesha) a issue from the place it originally occupied. Conversion is similarly not in the Code. In Illich it is defined as dealing with an object in a way that is inconsistent with the right of the owner (not a somatogenetic movement). Defence of mistake of fact fundament occur at this point where on that point is a mistake as to the somebodyal identity of transferee (Middleton), identity of amour delivered (Ashwell), and as to the quantity of thing delivered (Russell v Smith), except with coin where ownership passes at point of transfer dis go throughless of mistake (Illich). Fraudulent intent is outline in s 371(2)(a) to (f). It is (a) an intent to for good rifle owner of the thing add and to depreive of substantial value, case law of nature (b) an intent to permanently deprive every somebody who has any peculiar(prenominal) seat in the thing. The intent under(a)structure be inferred from the circumstances and the manner in which the accuse deals with the space (Foster v R). An intent to deprive the owner substantially of its value is kindred to an outright taking (R v Smails) special berth see after (f) (c) An intent to use as security.This applies only where the thing is pledged or given as security to a third many. Does not apply where criminate holds proportion until a debt owed to them by the owner of the berth is give (Parker) (d) An intent to part with it on a condition as to its return (e) An intent to deal with it in such(prenominal) a manner that it hobonot be returned in the original condition essential have changed significantly (Bailey) or (f) An intent to use m geniusy at will, even though mortal taking whitethorn specialise to retaliate owner. Variable Under s371(5) conversion of put ou ted property is not fraudulent if, at conviction of conversion, some cardinal taking/converting does not notice who owner is AND reasonably believes that owner cannot be discovered. Variable Doctrine of novel obstinance allows a instrument panel to draw an inference of stealing or receiving where impeach is found in possession of stolen goods soon after their theft and has no sightly explanation as to how they came into their possession, Bruce v The Queen. Defence Legal claim of right (s22) meat incriminate had an skillful, notwithstanding not un blockably reasonable, belief that the property was theirs ( ). robbery, s392 law of nature Robbery is a compound offense defined in s392 as (1) stealing (2) victimisation actual/ menace ram-out at/ presently onwards/immediately after metre of stealing (3) to obtain thing stolen OR (4) to save/overcome foe to its being stolen. Prosecution essential levy criminal offense of stealing (as outlined on former page) . Actual or curseened power only has be be small to carry through this element (R v Jerome). It only needs to be of such nature as to show that it was intend to overpower the party robbed, not on the dot now to get possession (R v Gnosit). At, immediately before or after metre of stealing includes the use of craze to execute or overcome declineance (R v Hay). Stealing has a fault element, simply robbery has the added fault element of using the actual or bratened violence in order to obtain thing stolen or foreclose resistance. Circumstances of exasperation under s391 include when (1) the wrongdoer is come with (2) offender does incarnate ill-treat to any person (3) offender bratens to kill any person or (4) person to whom violence used/threatened is over 60. Burglary, s401 police Burglary is defined in s401 as (1) entranceway or beings or is (2) at a place (3) without accord of the owner (4) with an figure to agitate an criminal offense OR really deplumate ting an rudeness. ? Enter or be is defined in s400 as inserting part of corpse OR instrument into building. ? Place is defined is s400 as Building, structure, tent, or conveyance of title, or part of building etc. Conveyance in s1 fashion vehicle, vessel, or aircraft. if none of these, you mustlook at statutory interpretation, eg with a garden ? Without the consent of the owner includes beyond consent of owner (Barker v The Queen). can be implied eg where a gateway is open or a door. only only implied for legitimate suggest, not to use a criminal criminal offence ? Intention to pluck an offence (fault element) can be form prior to entry, or may be organise after entering building (Barker v The Queen). Circumstances of aggravation under s400 include when a person (1) has, or pretends to have, a weapon (2) is accompanied (3) does material malign to another(prenominal) (4) threatens to kill or disparage (5) knows, or should have known, that in that discover was perso n in the place. Criminal Damage and Destruction, s444 legal philosophy Criminal damage is the (1) wilful (s443) and (2) iniquitous (s441) (3) damage or destruction (s1) (4) of any property (s1). Start with 4 then 3 then 1 and 2 (4) Property is define in s1 as any animate or dyspneic thing capable of being the subject of ownership. (3) Damage or destroy is defined in Zischke as being when something is rendered light or inoperative. Damage that is impermanent, ie remediable, is cool it damage unless its transient like chalk on a jumper. (1) wilfully (s443) office an act or thoughtlessness with the figure to damage or destroy, OR with acquaintance or belief of likeliness of damage or destruction. Likelihood is (Hind v Harwood Lockwood) a real and not remote chance, regardless of whether it is less or to a greater result than 50 per cent. ? Omission was discussed in Miller. At the point a person becomes informed of the damage occuring, they have a duty to act. (2) wickedly (s441) means (1) spot to property of another (i. e. not own and not aban faged) (2) without consent AND (3) with no authorisation, beneficialification or excuse. Defence of person or property (s441(3)) can be used if in jury is deemed on reasonable campaign to be imminent. Force used must be reasonable.Common Assault, ss222, 313 police force in that respect are two types of transport defined in s222 of the Code Physical flesh out and threat of assault. To fulfil the requirements of animal(prenominal) assault there must be (1) striking, touching, moving or other than applying force (2) directly or indirectly (3) to another person without the consent of the other OR with fraudulently obtaining consent. An assault is nefarious unless authorised, reassert or excused by law (s223). Fault element gibe to s 23 no invention is required for an offence unless utter in the offence.However, in Hall v Fonceca it was found that an intention on the part of the assaulter either t o use force or to create an apprehension in the victim is an element in an assault. Unlawful an assault is ever much unlawful unless authorised, justified or excused by law (s223). It may to a fault be unlawful if the person consents to the assault. Indirect force Includes heat, light, gas or any other substance IF applied to a degree to cause injury or physical discomfort. (1) Queen v Jacob electrical trap (2) Martin bar crossways exit (3)DPP v K irate in hand dryer (4) gibbon v Pepper causing long horse to call pass someone over Without consent have can be express or implied, and it must be freely given (not obtained by fraud). (1) Boughey v R consent to throwal physical jot of run-of-the-mine life is impliedly consented to (2) Collins v Wilcock commonalityplace intentional besides non-hostile acts are impliedly consented to. (3) Pallante v Stadiums Sporting context of use partake within detects and intention of sports game. (4) Ferguson Teaching context to uching student to encourage. jurisprudence To fulfill he requirements of threat of assault there must be (1) a bodily act or gesture ( quarrel not plentiful in WA, but sometimes needs to be discussed anyway where there is maybe just a twitch) (2) which represents actual or apparent present exponent to apply force (3) without consent OR with fraudulently obtaining consent.. Threatening words are in comfortable. A conditional threat is too not a true threat of assault because the victim can keep down the threatened act (Rosza v Samuals Cf Turberville v Savage). The victim need not genuinely fear the bodily act or gesture (Brady v Schatzel).Fault element According to s 23 no intention is required for an offence unless stated in the offence. However, in Hall v Fonceca it was found that an intention on the part of the assailant either to use force or to create an apprehension in the victim is an element in an assault. Unlawful an assault is always unlawful unless authorised, justified or excused by law (s223). It may also be unlawful if the person consents to the assault. criminal offenses s313 common assault s317 assault occasioning bodily constipation (unlawful assault + harm).Section 1 defines bodily harm as any bodily injury which interferes with health or comfort. No extra fault element required. ? Lergesner v Carroll broad interpretation. Extends to, for interrogationple, black snapper from fight. ? Scatchard pain does not necessarily meet to bodily harm. ? Chan-Fook psychological harm. s317A assault with intent to ? commit crime ? do GBH ? resist lawful arrest/ grasp. s318 Serious assault is on a public incumbent (while they are on duty), a person performing a public function conferred on them by law, or person inspection and repairing someone in the previous two categories. s304 acts/omissions causing bodily harm require establishing an existing duty (ss262-267), a breach of that duty and topicing bodily harm. If there is no harm, the must be endangerment of anothers life/health/safety. Endangering life and health Definitions abominable bodily harm ? s1 any bodily injury that endangers/ is likely to endanger life, or causes/ is likely to cause permanent injury to health. ? R v Tranby permanent disfigurement that is only cosmetic does not = GBH. ? Consent is not an element of GBH, therefore irrelevant assault, GBH cannot be consented to (Raabe) Wounding ?Devine v R occurs when injury breaks skin & penetrates below epidermis. ? Consent and wounding Common law rule says that a person may not consent to bodily harm unless theres a public policy justification- R v Brown. Offences with no detail intention Unlawfully doing GBH, s297 ? Can be direct/indirect act R v Clark. All that must be instituted is that a person negligently breached his/her duty. Proof of intention to harm is not necessary. ? unlawful to be given intermediate meaning of prohibited by law Houghton v The Queen Relevance of s23A, s23B/ sloppiness Unlawfully wounding s301(1)Offences requiring a specific intention s294, Acts mean to cause GBH or foresee arrest. GBH + certain intention ? an intention to maim, disfigure or disable any person or ? an intention to do grievous bodily harm or ? an intention to resist or prevent lawful arrest or detention or Administering noxious thing s301(2) ? fount poison or noxious thing to be administered or taken + ? Intention to injure or annoy Threats, s338 not in exam The definition of threat in s338 is very wide and includes any statement or behaviour that great power reasonably constitute a threat to (a) ill, injure, endanger or harm any person (b) destroy, damage, endanger or harm any property (c) take or bore stamp down over any building, structure, or conveyance by force or violence OR (d) cause a mischief of any kind to any person. The threat must be to do one of the things in s338A. a) Gain a expediency b) Cause a detriment c) retain someone doing something d) Make someone do something What does detri genial mean? ? R v Zaphir ? a threat is some potpourri of indication of intention to cause harm or damage or to punish. ? harm means loss or disadvantage, or damage as contrasted to benefit. ? To run into the offence a threat must be of such nature and limit that the mind of an ordinary person of normal ability and courage might be influenced or made apprehensive so as to accede unwillingly to the withdraw Offences ? ? s338A Threats with intent to influence s338B Threats Stalking, s338D not in exam s338D defines intimidate, pursue, circumstances of aggravation. Offences s338E(1) prosecute with intention to intimidate s338E(2) Pursuing that Can be reasonably pass judgment to intimidate AND Does intimidate Legal capacity ( abnegations) Children Law A Child is deemed to be incapable of committing a crime, irrespective of what they have move intoe. Under s29 a child under 10 years is presumed incapable (not rebuttable). mingl ed with 10 and 14 the presumption of foolishness is rebuttable if it is resurrectd by pursuit that at the time of the offence that child knew that the expatriate was wrong according to the beats of ordinary race M (1977). It is not clear if this test means legally or virtuously wrong. Child does not need to know act was against the law. They need to know that what they did was naughtily wrong as opposed to just naughty. Following facts should be taken into trace Age the lower the child is on the scale between ten and fourteen, the stronger the turn up necessary to rebut that presumption B v R (1958) 44 Cr App R 1 at 3 ? Type of offence Heinousness, Ferocity, Nature. Was there a victim? L v DPP = the more heinous the crime the easier it is to rebut the presumption. ? Statements by child Does it really show an arrest ? Expert evidence ? Presumption of nitrogen (what is normal? ) ? Conduct surrounding the act Luring victim, trying to cover tracks, running away (= not conc lusive, as children will run away if have done something only naughty). Mode of committing the act Positive act versus omission, degree of participation, peer influence ? foundation background Abuse at sign of the zodiac physical environment upbringing. (White (1964) behaviour the result of socialisation. ? Appearance & demeanour in court ? Past criminal record can be used if similar fact evidence ? Different culture ? The child has to know that it was wrong at time of act, not when picked up/ questioned. Corporations (look in exam question for Pty Ltd which should indicate whether person or corporation is being fomentd) Law Corporations can commit offences.In the Code corporations come under the definition of a person. And under s69(1) of the Interpretation Act 1984 (WA) all indictable and compend offences apply to bodies corporate as well as individuals. Identification indebtedness (= preferable test) A corporation is an abstraction. It has no mind of its own any more t han it has a body of its own its active and order will must consequently be sought in the person of somebody who for some purposes may be called an agent, but who is really the directing mind and will of the corporation. Lennards Carrying Co Ltd v Asiatic Petroleum Co Ltd. Vicarious Liability attributing to employer what an employee does in the course of employment. Torts test, too wide. Defences cordial Capacity Intention and motive, s23 The result intended to be caused by an act/omission is immaterial, unless intention is expressly declared to be an element of the offence. The motive for an act/omission/intention is immaterial, unless otherwise expressly declared. Voluntariness of will s23A, 23B 23A Lack of will Law A person is not criminally answerable for an act/omission that is independent of his/her will (not available as a defensive structure where there is a duty of caveat owed under Ch 27). Act At common law an act can be defined both narrowly and slackly (both s hould be considered If narrow view taken, charge under s 266 still possible. ) which ones do the court tend to follow present? ? Narrow definition any bodily action, e. g pulling trigger of petrol Kaporonovski. ? Broad definition includes all physical conduct that caused death, e. g. from getting loaded spell to pulling trigger Falconer. Will Examples of unwilled acts areAn involuntary response to away stimulus (e. g. bee sting) is unwilled. An act done whilst somnambulism is unwilled (R v Holmes).An act done whilst asleep is unwilled (Michael Jiminez) although D may be credible for act/omission immediately before falling asleep, eg ride while tired. Sane Automatism describes a psychogenic state where the D lacks awareness of their actions during the deputation of a serious offence. Any act occurring independent of the will of the D whilst in a state of lucid automatism is unwilled. In contrast to delirium, sane automatism is the result of an foreign stimulus (eg sudde n physical/ psychological trauma, hypoglycaemia). Insanity results from an intragroup affable disorder (Falconer). Test to key SA from insanity (Falconer) ? withal complicated ? In an exam, this would not help you, I am sure. Its ot just some who needs to prove what, as when you competition something in the exam, hardly ever will YOU be able to meet the standard of cogent evidence as its always ambiguous. You need to set out some of the limbs of the focloner test, eg (and almost importantly) the test of the reasonable person. What characteristics does that person have? Its the reasonable person in the same situation as the charge, but not with their specific weaknesses (eg an special depression). If they wold have done the same = sane automatism.Another thing you look at is whether one off event (unlikely to reoccur) or theyve got a screw loose (= will likely do it again cos they lack some control over their actions chiefly ? inaugural rate Has Crown disproved sane aut omatism? (Standard of demonstration beyond reasonable doubt. lading of validation on Crown). If not, unqualified acquittal. ? 2nd step If so, has D proved insanity under s 27? (first question is is there a mental impairment as opposed to an external blow, before you even get to the capacities) Was one of the 3 capacities in s27 absent? Standard of proof on offset of probabilities.Onus of Proof on D, since s 26 presumes every person to be of sound mind). If so, acquittal with provision that impeach was of unsound mind at the time of the offence. ? If sane automatism is disproved and the D does not prove insanity under s 27, jury must consider whether the other elements of the offence have been proved beyond reasonable doubt. If so, proper verdict is guilty (Falconer). 23B cam stroke A person is not criminally creditworthy for an event which occurs by accident (not available as a defence where there is a duty of grapple owed under Ch 27 R v Hodgetts and Jackson). event means t he result or consequence of an action (Van Den Bemd). accident Kaporonovski, Taiters an event is only an accident if it 1. was not intended 2. was not foreseen by the suspect (subjective element) AND 3. was not reasonably foreseeable by an ordinary person (objective element) Evidentiary consignment on impeach. Onus of proof on prosection to disprove 1, 2 OR 3 beyond reasonable doubt. they only need to disprove one for the defence to fall Causation P must prove that D caused a particular offspring if the outcome is an element of the offence. Causation established by tests in Royall). Can be awkward to distinguish between proof of causation and obligation of P to electronegative accident (Jemielita). If death/GBH by a weigh use of force, the fact that it would not have occurred but for an abnormality/defect/weakness in the victim is not a defense, even if the accused did not intend/foresee the death/GBH and even if it was not reasonably foreseeable. Insanity ss26, 27 Law Pursu ant to s26, the accused is presumed to understand the consequences of their actions and is capable of acting rationally.This presumption must be disproved by the accused (Falconer) on the balance of probabilities (R v Porter). Accused also carries the evidential impression of establishing that their mental impairment disadvantaged them of ONE of the THREE capacities in s27 (McNaghtens Case, approved by R v Porter) (1) understand what they were doing (refers to physical consequences of action, not incorrupt qualities) OR (2) control their actions (e. g irresistible impulses Moore, Soderman v the King) OR (3) know that they ought not do the act or make the omission (similar to test used to esteem children). Mental impairment comes before the capacitiesis defined in s1 as an intellectual disability, mental illness, brain damage or senility. The Common law helps distinguish sane and bonkers automatism. (1) The state of mind must be one of disease, disorder or din arising from som e infirmity, whether temporary or long standing (R v Porter) (2) NO need for physical deterioration of brain (3) A defect of reasoning caused by physical disease unrelated to mind could be insanity (R v Kemp). (4) Insanity is internal, with no external physical cause (Cooper v McKenna) (5)Insanity caused by medical treatment of physical disease (eg. Insulin) will not be insanity if self induced (R v Quick). Some result are contentious. hyperglycemia was held to be a desease of the mind (R v Hennessy). Hypoglycemia was not held to be internal (R v Quick). (6) Sane automatism is a answer to a once-off psychological trauma, test is Would ordinary person react the same way in the circumstances? (Falconer). Yes = sane automatism, not insanity. see comments above Persuasive burden on prosecution (Falconer). Variable Distinguish from situation where accused unfit to stand trial. Consequence no full acquittal, but rather not guilty by reason of insanity. may mean indefinite detention in appropriate institution. insobriety s28 Law Intoxication (by drugs/alcohol/any other means) may be used as a basis for a defence of insanity under s 27 as long as it was not self-induced. Where intention to cause a specific result is an element of an offence, intoxication may be considered when deciding whether intention existed. Onus on prosecution to prove beyond reasonable doubt 1. That such intention existed AND 2.That accused was capable of forming the intention, and did in fact form the intention. (R v Crump). Defences Mistake Mistake of Fact s22 A person who does/omits to do something under an honest and reasonable, but mistaken, belief in the existence of any state of things is only criminally responsible for the act/omission as if the real state of things had been such as he believed to exist (their semblance were true). ? Mistake must be honest (Subjective test). ? Mistake must be reasonable Pearce v Stanton (Objective test). ? There must be a substantiating belief i n the existence of any state of things. Ignorance/ neglectfulness not enough (GJ Coles v Goldsworthy). Must be present state, not upcoming or consequences (R v Gould and Barnes). ? Evidentiary burden on accused. ? Onus of proof on prosecution, beyond reasonable doubt. ? Only a partial defense. Can be excluded by express or implied victual of offences. (e. g. s 331, mistake of age cannot be a defence for sexual penetration of nestling under 13) Mistake of Law s24 Law Ignorance of the law is not a defense to any act/omission, unless cognition of the law is expressly declared to be an element of the offence. A person is not criminally responsible for an act/omission with respect to any property in the exercise of an honest claim of right and without intention to con. ? They must actually believe they have the right at the time of the offence, not that they may get the right in futurity (R v Pollard). ? Only applies when being claimed as a defence to a property offence (Pearce v Paskov ) under the Crim Code. Defences Duress s 32 Law Occurs when a person believes that a threat made against them will be carried out unless they do an act or make an omission. The action dictated is taken by the threatener. The act/omission must be a reasonable response to the circumstances as the person reasonably believes them to be (i. e. the accused must cause less harm than the harm avoided). Emergency s 25 Occurs when the threat of sudden harm arises from the circumstances in which a person is placed. The accused decides what action to take to avoid the harm. The act /omission must be a necessary response in circumstances of sudden or unmatched emergency (s 25(3)(a)(i)), and it must be a reasonable response to the circumstances as the person reasonably believes them to be. Self defence s248An act of self-defence is lawful if the person reasonably 3 say if thats reasonable objective believes 2 state that they believed subjective that the painful act 1 define and then state what they did is necessary 4 look at what else they could have done and if that would have been as suitable to defend themselves or another person AND the response is reasonable objective in the circumstances as the person defending themselves reasonably objective believes subjective them to be. Self-defence is a complete defence to homicide. Technically, self-defence is an excuse.Evidential burden on accused. Onus of proof on Crown to negative self-defence beyond a reasonable doubt (not on accused to prove on balance of probs). Does the initial act have to be unlawful? S 5 = yes, but qualified by s 6 says a harmful act is not lawful just because the person who does it is not criminally responsible for it (so you can defend yourself against child/ whacky person etc. ) (s 6 also supported by case law Zecevic). Excessive self-defence = a partial defence. Applies when accused has killed to defend self or another but either the use of force was not necessary, or more force t han necessary was used.Excessive self-defence means murder will be downgraded to manslaughter. incitement ss245, 246 Complete defence only to offences in the definition of which assault is an element (Kaporonovski). No longer a defence to homicide. Not a defence to travailed murder (Roche), or to GBH or wounding. The following elements must be proved The offence was against a person who offered provocation that amounted to an unlawful or unconventional act or affront. (Does the insult also have to be unconventional? Stevens v Doglione (Qld) wrongful applies to act and insult. Stingel (in obiter) wrongful applies only to act, not insult.Therefore, not settled). Attempts s4 An attempt is an offence that is somehow incomplete. (If an offence is complete, dont consider attempts unless, for example, an offence is essay on one person but succeeds on another, e. g. A tries to shoot B but instead shoots C). not always section 4, some offence, eg assault and murder, have attempted off ence in the specific section in which case you dont look at s4 3 elements 1. Intention to commit an offence 2. displace that intention into action to some outcome (must go beyond mere preceding(prenominal) acts) AND 3. Failure to fulfill the intention of committing the offence. . Intention requires An intention of bringing about all the elements of the offence OR The knowledge (to the extent of virtual certainty) that these elements will occur 2. beyond mere preparative acts whether this is the case is a question of fact for the jury. Dont just look at what the accused did, take into account other factors in the situation (Cutter v R) to decide whether the act that was done is convincing of the intention to commit the ultimate offence. Tests Proximity test (R v Eagleton) How close is the accused to committing the final act that constitutes the offence? Substantial step test Has the accused made substantial attainment towards completion of the offence? Consider how much prog ress has been made and what is left to do. Unequivocality test (R v Williams) requires that there be no possible innocent explanation for the accuseds conduct. (Any conduct which might have an innocent explanation cannot be brought by the prosecution as evidence). A precise test, but considered too restrictive. remainder step test (R v Chellingworth) Has the accused taken the last step towards the established offence? Voluntary desistance (s4, par. ) If the accused does most of the acts required to constitute the offence but then stops, it is generally no defence (although may be considered in sentencing). impossible action (s4, par. 3) Legal It is impossible for the accused to commit an offence only where there is no offence at law to grow the defendants conduct (e. g. if the defendant mistakenly believes that it is an offence to acquire a certain weapon, but attempts to do so anyway = no offence). BUT, Factual if the offender tries to commit an offence but the offence can not be committed for factual reasons, this is still an attempt English. eg, the offender tries to import drugs, but the drug is talcum powder) Conspiracy not in exam takes place before any preparatory action. (An offender is usually not supercharged with conspiracy and a completed offence. , so conspiracy is not relevant if an offence is actually committed). No definition in Code, defined in common law as an promise between 2 or more persons to achieve a common objective (R v Campbell). (note agreement must be reached. Not sufficient that parties were in communication). There must be an intention to do all the elements of the offence. There must be a positive intention recklessness will not suffice. If there is no agreement, there is no conspiracy BUT, it is not necessary that all conspirators know one another. When 2 or more conspirators are charged, the fact that A is acquitted does not necessarily mean B will be as well (R v Darby). You cant conspire to do something tha t is legally impossible. You can conspire to do something that is factually impossible. Aiding s 7(b) and (c) What is the jumper lead offence and who is principal offender?Deal with them first Then distinguish from counselling presence, constructive presence Law Aiding is providing support, help or assistantance (R v Beck) to the PO. Aid is generally given to the PO during the delegacy of the offence, but can be before the offence (Ancuta). If a person help another in the commission of an offence they will be apt(p) for the primary offence under s 7(b) or (c). First, there must be proof of a promontory Offence actually committed, although conviction of a Principal Offender not necessary (R v Lopuszynski). There can be phrase Principal Offenders (Mohan v R). define (b) requires proof of assistance being given for the purpose of instigateing the commission of the offence. Therefore, an accused can act with the purpose of aiding but not actually aid, and still be liable ( R v Arnold). 7(c) does not specify mental element, but has been held that aids means knowingly aids( Jervis v R aids held to be a word that carries an inherent mental element). In both 7(c) and (d), the accessory must have actual knowledge of the future offence they are aiding, as opposed to merely a suspicion (although this knowledge can be inferred from proof of guessing to the obvious).It is sufficient that the accused contemplates the type of crime to be committed by the PO it is not necessary that its precise details be known (Ancuta). Recklessness, however, is an insufficient mental state for aiding. (Giorgianni). Variable Where the offence is one requiring fault elements, the accused must also have actual knowledge that the principal offender possessed the fault element for the principal offence (Stokes and Difford). Variable Non-interference to prevent a crime is not an offence BUT the fact that a person is voluntarily and purposely present and offers no opposition ma y be grounds for a jury to find that he aided. Positive action NOT essential (Coney). Passive presence at the scene is aid, IF the accused knows his/her presence is encouraging/ supporting(a) the PO (e. g. , combination of prior aid and continued nondissociating presence may constitute implied offer of continuing aid = aid under s7) (Beck). afford to facts Conclude charge or Procuring s 7(d) Law If a person counsels or pimps another to commit an offence they will be liable for the primary offence under s 7(d). Procure means to provide training or material assistance to the PO, and that the provisions cause or bring about the crime (R v Beck). Procuring involves intentionally causing the commission of the offence. Humphry v R procure means to produce by endeavour, and one procures a thing by ground out to see that it happens. The accused must also have an intention to assist (Georgianni v R) the PO and general knowledge of the planned crime (Ancuta). Counselling means advice or encouragement (Stuart v R) before the commission of the offence. The counsel does not need to cause the crime (R v Coney). Section 9 extends liability beyond s7(d). again, not really helpful here. You need to look at 7(d) direct, and only if that is not gven, you mark section 9 If it is established that the accused counselled the PO to commit the offence, then a jury must determine if the offence was a seeming consequence of the counsel. apparent is defined (Darkan v R) as more presumable than not, or of probability less than 50/50, but more than real chance. Apply to facts Conclude Common purpose, s8Liability under s8 attaches when one of the parties goes beyond the common unlawful invention/ plan. (If parties are within common plan, s7 enough for determining liability). Law When two or more persons together form a common intention to prosecute an unlawful purpose the court will regard them as joint principal offenders. The prosecution must establish that (1) the accused formed an intention to prosecute an unlawful purpose (Brennan v R) (2) the PO committed the unlawful purpose (R v Phillips and Lawrence) and (3) the principle offence must have been a seeming consequence of the prosecution of the unlawful purpose.Test of whether potential consequence is objective (Stuart v R). Probable is defined (Darkan v R) as more probable than not, or of probability less than 50/50, but more than just a substantial or real chance. There is no liability if PO unexpectedly departs from the common purpose and commits an offence that was not within the mirror image of the accessory and was not a probable consequence of the common purpose (R v Anderson and Morris) Apply to facts Conclude Withdrawal s 8(2) Law An accessory will not be liable until the PO is actually committed (s 8(2)).The accused can fire their involvement and escape their liability if they (1) withdrew from the prosecution of the unlawful purpose (2) by words or conduct communicate their deta chment from the unlawful purpose to those invloved in the PO and (3) take reasonable steps to prevent the commission of the offence (R v Menniti). Apply to Facts Conclude Fraud (not in exam) Law Fraud is when an owner parts with their property under false pretences. It is defined in s409 as (1) any person (2) with intent to defraud (3) by deceit or any other fraudulent means (4) obtains property from another person. An intent to defraud is discussed in Balcombe v De Simoni. It requires an intention to induce, and does induce, another to act ? Deceit or other fraudulent means are generally statements of fact that the defendant knew to be delusive (R v Carpenter). But the definition is very broad. ? Obtains is defined in s1 as obtaining possession of property. Possession without ownership is enough (Seiler v R). ? Property in s1 includes everything, animate or inanimate, that is capable of ownership. Apply to facts Cobclusion