McLean vs Arkansas Essay -- Creationism Creation Science

Science is a word that carries with it many meanings - knowledge, truth, a process of examination. But when it comes to setting a clear definition of the term, difficulties arise. Certainly physics is science, and theology isn't. But many disciplines are less intuitively dichotomized, such as the fields of psychology, history, ethics, and many others. Are these sciences? And while it may at first seem like a rather irrelevant issue only for lexicographers and philosophers, in fact the distinction between what is science and what is not is of great importance to society - for in the formation of the public school curriculum, the distinction between science, which must be taught, and religion, which must not be, is essential to keeping education both factual, up-to-date, and constitutional. The 1982 court case McLean vs. Arkansas put in the public spotlight just how important drawing the distinction is. In what has become a landmark case in the creation/evolution legal debate, the Arkansas legislature passed without debate a bill mandating that the state redraw its science education standards so to include in the state's public high school curricula the body of ideas known as "creationism" - the notion that Earth and its inhabitant life forms were formed in the same forms as they are seen today - alongside evolution - the mainstream view of biologists holding that life developed and diversified gradually over millions of successive generations. The concept of creationism has a strong religious history and very deep religious overtones, and the constitutionality of teaching the subject in a public school immediately was questioned. Called to preside over the resulting legal case was U.S. District Judge William Overton. Thu... ...of testability is unclear and the incorporation of unobserved elements is not unique to creationism, so this in and of itself is not a reason to exclude it from a curriculum - and as previously mentioned Darwin considered the two models of creation and evolution on equal scientific grounds in his arguments. Instead, creationism fails on account of the evidence against it. So in the end, while Overton's attempt to determine essential characteristics of science does not stand up to philosophical scrutiny, his decision was correct: creationism is not part of modern science, and does not belong in the modern classroom. Works Cited Gould, Stephen Jay. The Mismeasure of Man. W. W. Norton and Co.: New York, 1996. Kleppner, Daniel and Robert Kolenkow. An Introduction to Mechanics. McGraw-Hill, Inc: Boston, 1973. McLean v. Arkansas, US District Court. 1982.

Best Man Wedding Speech -- Wedding Toasts Roasts Speeches

Best Man Wedding Speech This is the first time Kevin's ever brought me dinner and I?m too nervous to eat it. For those of you who don't know me, I'm Kevin's younger brother and my full name is Bobby What are you drinking, so if you see me at the bar later don't hesitate to call me by my full name. Unfortunately every silver lining does have A cloud, and that is that you've all got to listen to me for the next 5 minutes. I'd just like to thank Kevin on behalf of the bridesmaids for his kind words I think you will all agree that they have done a fantastic job today and look absolutely beautiful. I'd also like to thank everyone for coming today to celebrate the marriage of Kevin and Lisa. Personally I wish you'd all stayed at home so I didn't have to do this!! First of all, I want to say a little bit about being the best man. I feel the title "best man" says a bit too much. The way I see it, if I am the best man, what the hell is Lisa doing with Kevin? So, I think I will be happy just saying that I'm a pretty good man, And Kevin can be the best man tonight. Actually, being the best man is an awesome responsibility and one that I don't take lightly. In life you can count your true friends on one hand, these being people who will be there in your hour of need. I remember when my hair starting falling out, Kevin was there kindly rubbing Immac into my head, when I lost my job, Kevin was there and ... ... it gives me immense pleasure (not to mention relief) to invite you all to stand and raise your glasses in a toast for Kevin and Lisa, Mr. and Mrs. xxxx no less, We wish them well for the future, and hope they enjoy a long, happy, and fruitful marriage. Kevin and Lisa. And while you're all standing I've just got a few last things to say... Kevin, you have been a great friend and a great brother and it has been an honor to be here today. You've made me an Uncle, You've made you're best man and if you can make me half the man you are today I wont go far wrong. I can honestly say for the second time in m y life I am truly jealous of you and I wish yourself Lisa and charlotte the very best for the future.

Managing A Business Event Essay

Event organisers are in charge of all parts of an event. They co-ordinate all aspects, from the beginning right through to the end, overseeing all the details and ensuring everything gets completed on time and on budget. While there is a great variety between the different types of events and the different tasks an event organiser will need to do, there are some parts which are almost always the same. Venue/Location The location or locations are very important for different kind of events, the actual event interprets the location which goes with it for example a football match in the world cup will require a 30,000 allocation plus depending on which team is playing. When Brazil is playing for example then they will need a 50,000 or even 60,000 plus seater stadium. It is important that the right stadium catered for the right people because they could be losing money if there are lots of unsold tickets. They have to make sure that there is enough leg room and room for people to pass through without making others move form their seat, they also have to cater for upper class to make sure they get the quality which they want. Catering For the world cup there has to be tons of food outlets both inside and outside the ground so they not only cater for everyone their but they cater for all their needs whatever they may be such as vegetarian or gluten free and other different eating habits. They have to have 10’s of thousands of burgers hotdogs batches of chips which are most commonly found in football stadiums around the world. They have to make sure they have enough food to last the big rush of customers which often come before half time or on half time because if they queue up for over 10/20 minutes and they don’t get the food they will be annoyed and they would also would miss the first 5 minutes of the first half. The speed of the delivery has to be very fast to get 100’s of customers with their food and drink and out as soon as they can their will be around a 25 minute gap to do this before the second half starts. Finally drinks have to be provided and both alcoholic and non-alcoholic must b e served to cater for young and old. Planning and  reserving facilities Facilities which need to be reserved and booked in advance are things like burger vans and drinks vending machines all these will have to be booked or bought in advance. Referees will have to be contacted prior to the world cup to make sure that they are okay to referee the in the games. Obviously the main important thing which needs to be free and ready to use is the various number of stadiums and to make sure that they’re not being used for another other reason. The car spaces will have to be planned and also bus routes to make transport quick easy and efficient for travelling fans and teams from hotels. Setting up The set up for the world cup started as soon as Brazil was announced as the hosts for the tournament. The first things which were set up were the plans of stadiums and thee transport links such as the numerous shuttle busses. Another first initial set up is to make sure it is safe for all fans and players so the Brazilian government have ordered army troops into the favelas of Brazil which are situated near the grounds, so the first few steps were to make sure transport links were designed as well as new pitches and also the security was put in place to calm down hot spots of violence around the city. Accommodation is another vital thing for the world cup because there will be 10’s of thousands of supporters going to the world cup so they need to make sure there is enough places for people to stay for the appropriate time failure to do this will have people sleeping on the streets which could cause turmoil in the streets, like thieving for example. Programme The programme for the world cup is made a few months in advance because people need to know when to book flights there and back so they know when the game is and how many games they can afford to stay for depending how large the gap is between the two games this is important to be released fairly early so supporters know when to book time off work and how many days they are. Preparing and distributing supporting documents For the world cup this is sending additional information to the buyers and  telling them things like transport links accommodation and also things like sending over the tickets which ay when the game is and what time it kicks offs these will be sent to the buyers house prior to the world cup so they can understand where to go and what to do nearer the time. Organisational procedures These things are like how many people the stadium fits and how many people are allocated to be in line waiting in the queue this is so that there won’t be any safety hazards such as getting injured via pushing and shoving in the queue. Another organisational procedures are the set times which the teams are lined up to play such as making sure that no games clash and they ar4e all at different times. Legal requirements Some of the legal requirements include: making sure no vandalism is done to the ground as the buyer has agreed to this once purchasing the ticket another requirement is that the people selling things around the ground that they stay in their agreed place and don’t move over into other sellers zones this could cause violence as another is acting upon another location. So the sellers agree to stay in their assign place. The standard football match agreement is also in place in the world cup which is no racist or violent behaviour towards players or the opposition’s fans. Limits of role As an event organiser it is important that they don’t do all the work and that they share the work load to other people who specialise in different areas such as giving the food responsibility to people who know what the fans want and what the number of items of food per match needs to be ordered. So it is important that the event organiser is able to dish jobs out however must keep an eye on what’s happening and making sure that the jobs are being done correctly by the other people who have been asked of the organiser. I is important to make sure that the organiser keeps an eye out on the other because they need to know if they’re on course to finish the job on time and to the best possible standard in which they can possibly do An event organiser needs the following skills to do their job effectively: Communication and interpersonal skills- This is critical to have as an organiser because they need to do a lot of telling people what to do and where to go. They need to be able to communicated with all sorts of working varying from business wear to builders to make sure that they are doing their jobs and to make sure that they’re on schedule. Time management- It is important for an event organiser to have good time management because they have a number of different things going on all the time and they have got to make sure each one is finished on schedule to make sure everything will be finished on time and so everything runs smoothly. Good time management means the organiser can go to different people instead of focusing on one person and making sure everyone is on track and not just focus on one person that’s working behind. Problem solving – It is important that the event planner has the ability to solve problems that may occur and may not be planned such as at the world cup a referee being ill this can easily be avoided by the getting a back up referee which is either the four official or sometimes the fifth so they can swap for the ref. Failure to have either of these can result in the game being cancelled or abandoned which will lose money to their economy and also it may cause problems for the travelling fans because they may have booked a flight when the game is next to be rescheduled . So it is important that the planner is ready to prepare for the worse and has ways of avoiding the situation. Negotiating- To keep within the events budget the organiser will be forced to negotiate to keep within the budget, so for the world cup he would of have to of negotiated with contractors and builders and manual labourers, the organiser would of tried to get the lowest price possible to get the stadium built to a high standard and as quick as they can. Negotiating for event organiser is vital to keep within budgets and saves the buyers money which would make the organiser highly recommendable to other people seeking a event organiser. Planning – The event planner will have to be able to plan long, short and medium situations for example a long term plan is planning where the stadiums are going to be built and how large of a capacity it is going to be, this will take a long time to both think about and also it will take even longer to execute an example of a medium term planning is things like what referees will be appointed to which games and also when the games will take place and at what times they kick off and finally short term would be what food and drinks are  too be sold. An event organiser has to be able to plan all three types and manage the time between planning them efficiently. Resource management- The event planner must make sure that there is enough food and drink for each and every stadium for each game failure to do so will cause the fans to grow inpatient and will prevent buying products I future games and may bring their own food which would lose money. Also they need to make sure that there’s not only enough food and drink but that there’s a wide range of options to chose from so the customers are kept happy by the wide selection of service. Monitoring- Because an event planner can’t do all the jobs they have to be able to keep monitoring and checking up on the people who are doing the more complex and longer jobs to make sure that they’re keeping up and schedule and not slowing anything down. They also have to be very supportive to try and motivate the workers to try and finish early. Evaluating- The event planner has to have a bench mark so that he can see if the job has been done below or above expectation, this is so the person can readjust things if they are up to the standards which they have without a good evaluation the jobs could be done below par and thus upsetting customers which aren’t getting the service which they have paid to get

Was Germany responsible for the Outbreak of WW1?

There is much evidence to suggest that German Aggression was responsible for the outbreak of a general European war in August 1914. Both Sources 1 and 2 play on the idea that both the Kaiser and Bethmann Hollweg used its foreign policies to create tension within Europe which consequently led to a European war. Source 1 argues ‘Germany’s foreign policy aims were focused on annexation, and that she went to was to achieve these aims’ highlighting the forceful nature which Germany could have possessed in this era.However, Source 3 argues that infact the growing tension in Europe arguably led Germany to fight a defensive war and that it was infact Britain, Russia and France through Germany’s fear of invasion who stimulated the war; ‘The British were determined to maintain their naval superiority, whatever the financial and political cost’. This leads to the judgement that although there is some evidence to suggest that Germany did fight a defensive war to some extent, overall German aggression did lead to the outbreak of a general European war.Firstly, the idea that Germany did fight an aggressive war can be seen through Germany’s increasing desire for European Hegemony. The fact that Germany was slowly but surly disabling European peace in its quest for Weltpolitik shows how Germany were looking for confrontation. The Moroccan Crisis’ of 1905-11 highlights the Kaiser’s desire to expand the German empire into other continents as well as just Europe. The consequences of this crisis furthermore increased the bitterness between the Germans and the French; showing how the idea of Weltpolitik played a large part in the why Germany had an aggressive attitude to war.Both Source 1 and 2 follow the line of argument that the aggression had led to war, and that ‘Germanys foreign policy aims were focused on annexation, and that she went to war to achieve these aims’ shows that Germany had had every intent ion to go to war. That, in conclusion with the latter emergence of the Schlieffen plan suggests how Germany were prepared to go to war highlighting that the idea they were fighting an defensive war could be hard to believe. Source 2 furthermore states that Was Germany responsible for the Outbreak of WW1? There is much evidence to suggest that German Aggression was responsible for the outbreak of a general European war in August 1914. Both Sources 1 and 2 play on the idea that both the Kaiser and Bethmann Hollweg used its foreign policies to create tension within Europe which consequently led to a European war. Source 1 argues ‘Germany’s foreign policy aims were focused on annexation, and that she went to was to achieve these aims’ highlighting the forceful nature which Germany could have possessed in this era.However, Source 3 argues that infact the growing tension in Europe arguably led Germany to fight a defensive war and that it was infact Britain, Russia and France through Germany’s fear of invasion who stimulated the war; ‘The British were determined to maintain their naval superiority, whatever the financial and political cost’. This leads to the judgement that although there is some evidence to suggest that Germany did fight a defensive war to some extent, overall German aggression did lead to the outbreak of a general European war.Firstly, the idea that Germany did fight an aggressive war can be seen through Germany’s increasing desire for European Hegemony. The fact that Germany was slowly but surly disabling European peace in its quest for Weltpolitik shows how Germany were looking for confrontation. The Moroccan Crisis’ of 1905-11 highlights the Kaiser’s desire to expand the German empire into other continents as well as just Europe. The consequences of this crisis furthermore increased the bitterness between the Germans and the French; showing how the idea of Weltpolitik played a large part in the why Germany had an aggressive attitude to war.Both Source 1 and 2 follow the line of argument that the aggression had led to war, and that ‘Germanys foreign policy aims were focused on annexation, and that she went to war to achieve these aims’ shows that Germany had had every intent ion to go to war. That, in conclusion with the latter emergence of the Schlieffen plan suggests how Germany were prepared to go to war highlighting that the idea they were fighting an defensive war could be hard to believe. Source 2 furthermore states that

Camels – Adaptations to Extreme Environments

The Camel: How it has Adapted Organisms exist in many environments, some are arid, some flooded, some are basic, some acidic, some are hot, and some are cool. Regardless of the conditions, animals have adapted themselves to survive in their surroundings. One of the main ecosystems that is classed as an extreme environment is the desert ecosystem. A classic example of a desert is the Sahara. Aridity is a characteristic shared amongst all deserts. As reported by Smith (2013), the reason most deserts are arid is because of uneven levels of evapotranspiration and precipitation.Aswel as adapting to very dry conditions, organisms in a desert ecosystem have also adapted to hot temperatures. The temperatures range from as high as 40oC during the day to as low as below freezing during the night due to lack of cloud cover. Evolution: As wrote by Long & Savage (1986) in the late Eocene period and to the end of Miocene, camels evolved and diversified solely in North America. During this time the y were similar in size to rabbits, and their feet contained four toes. In Oligocene times, camels were similar in size to goats, with the lost of the lateral toes, with the remaining digits showing signs of evolution.During the Miocene time, camels adapted a new of walking, it is know as pacing gait. This is where the camel moved both left or both right legs in one movement, instead of opposite legs. During this time camels feet produced pad like structures, which helped them from sinking in soft terrain i. e sand. Then they arrived in South America during the Plio-Pleistocene times. This is where they diversified into 2 more genus under Camelinae family of the more known species, llama and alpaca, and 2 less known, guanaco and vicuna.As this happened, they crossed into the ‘Old World', where they then spread across Europe, Asia and Africa, this is where they branched out into the ‘single humped' Camelus Dromedarius, and ‘double humped' Camelus Bactrianus. Characte ristics of Camelus Dromedarius: An animal that has adapted well to this environment is the Camelus Dromedarius. Wilson (1984) as cited by Kohler-Rollefson (1991) describes the features of the camels body. Dromedary camels have a shoulder height of at least 1. 8m, with the hump extending a further 20cm. They can weights upwards of 400kg.Dromedary camels have a long upward curved neck, with a single hump on it's back. This is all supported by their long, strong legs and wide webbed feet. Body Temperature / Water Conservation: In the desert temperatures fluctuate. On average, a dehydrated camels body temperature fluctuates by up to 8oC in a single day, it can increase from an average of 34-36 to 42oC. There is less of a fluctuation if the camel is hydrated (2oC). If camels did not tolerate this fluctuation in temperature and instead tried to keep the body cool, up to 5 litres of water could be lost due to sweating.This allows the camel to conserve water and energy. The camel then takes advantage of the cool evenings to dissipate heat, with no energy cost. Camels, like all other mammals do sweat to maintain an acceptable temperature, however, it is not continuous. (Mares, 1999). Composition of Camel's Hump: Mares (1999), reports that a common misconception associated with camels is that their hump is composed of water, this has been disproven, and instead replaced with the fact this it is fat. Another common misconception associated with a camels hump is that water is produced by the oxidation of fat.This is has been proven to be false, or at least, partially untrue as the oxidation of fat requires an increased oxygen intake, this results in an increased rate of breathing, which increases the amount of water lost as vapour from the lungs. This nullifies the effect of the metabolized fat, yielding no net gain in water. As previously discussed, camels have adapted to keep their bodies cool, without sacrificing water. Another adaptation that is seen with camels is th at their main fat store is their hump. A camel does not store fat on other parts of their body.This is because the fat would act as insulation and reduce the amount of heat lost at night, at a time when the temperature is cooler, and most heat dissipation occurs. Excretion in Camels: Richards (1973) as cited by Mukasa-Mugerwa (1981) explores the fact that camels are able to produce urine that contains twice as much salt as sea water. It was noted by Mukasa-Mugerwa (1981) that the Kidney is composed of Henle loops of varying lengths. Camels are seen to contain a lot of longer loops than any other species, so there is a bigger potential for water to be reabsorbed, and the urine becoming concentrated.This coincides with the camels ability to facilitate water and plants with a salt content higher than normal. Schmidt-Nielsen (1964) as cited by Mukasa-Mugerwa (1981) compared the volume of urine excreted by the camel while hydrated and while dehydrated. The camel while hydrated, excreted up to 4 litres of urine in a single day, compared to the when it was dehydrated, where it excreted up to half a litre of urine. It was also noted that the camel produced faeces, almost completely absent of water.It was composed of a large number of pellets approximately 3cm in length. As they lacked water, they were light to lift, with a shiny appearance. Conclusion: Camels like animals in other extreme environments have adapted well to suit their environment of temperature fluctuations and a lack of water. Camels have evolved in such a way that moving has been made easier, they do not sink into the sand, so they do not expend more energy than is needed. The camels adaptation to a large fluctuation in body temperature allows water to be conserved as it is not lost as sweat.The camels hump proves as an invaluable energy source when food sources are scarce, as is common in desert ecosystems, the fat is metabolized and used as energy. It's all these adaptations that allows the camel to live in such an extreme environment. The absence of one or more of these adaptations would lead to the inability of camels to survive in this environment. In this day and age global warming is increasing the average temperature of the earths atmosphere, if there was a significant increase, could these organism handle an increased temperature luctuation? References: Jeremy M. B. Smith desert 2013. Encyclop? dia Britannica Online. Retrieved 01 March, 2013, from http://www. britannica. com/EBchecked/topic/158992/desert Kohler-Rollefson, Ilse U, (1991). Camelus Dromedarius. Mammalian Species. 375 (1-8), pp. 1-4 Mares, Michael A. , (1999). Encyclopaedia of Deserts. 1st ed. Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. Richards, S. A. , 1973. Adaptation to heat. In Temperature regulation. London, Wykeham Publications, pp. 191-197 as cited by Mukasa-Mugerwa, E. , (1981).The Camel (Camelus Dromedarius): A Bibliographical Review. 1st ed. Ethiopia: International Livestock Centre of Africa Savage R . J. G & Long, M. R. , (1986). Mammal Evolution. 1st ed. United Kingdom: Facts on File & The British Museum. Schmidt-Nielsen, K. 1964. The Camel. In Desert Animals: physiological problems of heat and water. Oxford, Clarendon press, 277 pp as cited by Mukasa-Mugerwa, E. , (1981). The Camel (Camelus Dromedarius): A Bibliographical Review. 1st ed. Ethiopia: International Livestock Centre of Africa

Business quiz answer

Your Answer: culture Correct serve as a baseline for actions and decision making and guide employees in the organization's intentions and interests. Your Answer: Values Correct Question: A company's Answer: mission Correct is its primary reason for existence. Your Question: The primary resource of all organizations is . Your Answer: employees Incorrect Question: Organizational climates are Answer: counter-productive to Correct corporate cultures. Your Question: The process of collecting information about the external environment to identify and analyze trends is called: Your Answer: environmental scanning.Correct is a function of the ability to learn and to perform according to changes in the environment. Your Answer: Organizational adaptability Correct Question: For many organizations, what customers value often becomes the company's: Your Answer: distinctive competitive advantage Correct Question: The final step in the basic planning process is Answer: controlling and evaluating th e results Correct Question: Which of the following questions applies directly to the function of landing?Your Answer: What do we want to accomplish? Incorrect Question: The step in the basic planning process would the statement ‘This organization will capture 5% more of the product market in the next 2 years† focus upon: Your Answer: production schedules. Correct Question: The three levels of strategies are corporate, business, and . Your Answer: functional Correct Question.

Obser and inquire Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Obser and inquire - Research Paper Example In this regard, using the observation experience as in input in the current essay, the aim of the discourse is to pursue responding to a developed inquiry that: â€Å"Women in Mainstream American Culture Tend to Take on More Child-Rearing Duties than Men†. Upon closer examination of the points of inquiry, one established the need to delve into further research on the validity of women taking on more child-rearing responsibilities than men. In the working draft written by Robert Max Jackson, a whole chapter devoted to the responsibility for child rearing provided extensive and comprehensive details that aim to address the question: â€Å"why women so regularly contribute most of this effort† (Jackson 126). Although the author ventured into providing theories that explain the disparate role and skewed responsibilities towards women, Jackson concluded his arguments by indicating that â€Å"mens economic position gives them individual competitive advantages and collective power that allow men individually to beat out women in the labor market and collectively to impose institutionalized discrimination† (Jackson 146). It is interesting to note that the theoretical framework to rationalize women’s propensities for child-rearing tasks from Chodorow’s theory, to wit: it "has unquestionably been true that women have had primary responsibility for child care, (and that) women by and large want to mother, and get gratification from their mothering;" and that "women have succeeded at mothering" (Chodorow; cited in Jackson 133). The observation noted at the shopping mall have effectively validated that mothers were more restrictive and verbally reminding their children to stay close and not to wander far. In contrast, fathers were more lax and were self-assured that they could immediately find their wandering children. Using Chodorow’s theory, mothers would not be complacent in their primary responsibility